Effects Of Smoking &
Harmful Effects Of Smoking
Cigarettes and more specifically tobacco smoke are full of chemicals and poisons. As you discovered in our chemicals in cigarettes section tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, many of which make smoking harmful.
Effects of Tobacco Smoke
Smoking KILLS
Every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from diseases caused by smoking.
One in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will occur in middle age.
Tobacco smoke also contributes to a number of cancers.
The mixture of nicotine and carbon monoxide in each cigarette you smoke temporarily increases your heart rate and blood pressure, straining your heart and blood vessels.
This can cause heart attacks and stroke. It slows your blood flow, cutting off oxygen to your feet and hands. Some smokers end up having their limbs
amputated.
Tar coats your lungs like soot in a chimney and causes cancer. A 20-a-day smoker breathes in up to a full cup (210 g) of tar in a year.
Changing to low-tar cigarettes does not help because smokers usually take deeper puffs and hold the smoke in for longer, dragging the tar deeper into their lungs.
Carbon monoxide robs your muscles, brain and body tissue of oxygen, making your whole body and especially your heart work harder. Over time, your airways swell up and let less air into your lungs.
Smoking causes disease and is a slow way to die. The strain put on your body by smoking often causes years of suffering. Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots your lungs. People with emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and suffer lung and heart failure.
Lung cancer from smoking is caused by the tar in tobacco smoke. Men who smoke are ten times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers.
Heart disease and strokes are also more common among smokers than non-smokers.
Smoking causes fat deposits to narrow and block blood vessels which leads to heart attack.
Smoking causes around one in five deaths from heart disease.
In younger people, three out of four deaths from heart disease are due to smoking.
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Dr. Ambumani Ramadoss, India’s health minister is on a mission against public smoking in India. He has now come up with yet another novel smoking deterrent by deciding to penalize companies for their employees smoking on premises. Those companies who are caught with employees smoking within the premises, will be fined Rs 5000 per employee per violation.
Though the enforcement of such codes of conduct is arguable and debatable, Dr. Ramadoss is sending the right message that needs to be sent from the desk of the health minister. His relentless pursuit of the issue of smoking, puts it squarely in the limelight, and forces the people to take a second look at the seemingly innocuous habit that poisons our bodies and pollutes the air we breathe.
Results of a survey published yesterday revealed that there was a very high prevalence of tobacco use amongst India’s school teachers, with an average of 30% teachers using tobacco overall. The tobacco use amongst teachers from India’s northeastern states was shown to be almost 50%. Researchers have predicted that India faces one million smoking-related deaths per year within another 2 years. That is about 3000 people dying from smoking every day. And the number of smokers goes down everywhere else, India has been showing a stready increase in the number of smokers.
Just over a month ago, Ramadoss asked Bollywood’s bigshots not to smoke on the silver screens as that seems to influence the younger generation into taking up the habit. One may agree or disagree with Ramadoss on how he is publicizing his message, and how much he loves the press and all the publicity. I think in this particular case, Ramadoss is on the right track, because he has definitely managed to get people’s ear, and the media’s ear.
Unlike some other cabinet ministers who seem to be occupying portfolios they are little interested in, Ramadoss seems to be enjoying his day job. So no matter of he is ultimately successful in making people smoke a few less packs a day, Ramadoss, is doing something a person in his chair should be doing. In this day and age, that would make him a person of high integrity and morals.
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An IAS officer’s nightmare of lustful, lascivious stares comes true
Most bizarre
Man bites cobra to teach it a lesson
Air India serving snakes on board?
Monkeys in India’s capital
Masala missiles and curry bombs
Indian Politician says 90% Gurus don’t wear underwear
Cowporal punishment for lower-caste school kids
Gajendra’s wooden khatola
Man marries underage daughter, convinces wife he is obeying God’s will
Man weds dog in Tamilnadu
Delhi wife beats man up at secret second wedding
Indian Women
Stripped and paraded naked in India
Women’s day? Stop wasting my time!
What’s next? the colors of their panties?
Suswagatam, Sunita!
OK. India has a woman president. Now what?
India’s first political party of, by and for women
Finally, Mona Suri rests in peace
Why is our prostitution act named SITA?
Top 10 ways to deal with Mumbai’s molesters
Maria Montessori, the Indian theosophist
Ten reasons Maharashtra politicians banned seminude cheerleading
Indian government decides against a tougher Sati law
Top 5 explanations for the president’s gesture
Numb and dumber - a million female babies murdered in India
India’s Supreme court errs on dowry, okays customary practices
Human trafficking - a sickening trend
Taslima and Fatwa
Memories of Meerabai
India’s northeastern states are safest for women
Lata Mangeshkar wants to visit Pakistan
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
The World`s Movers And Shakers
The World's Movers and Shakers
Facebook Yahoo! Buzz Mixx Permalink Reprints Related Thank you for including a diverse group of influential people in your Time 100 list [May 8]. I was especially delighted to see the story on the South Korean pop star Rain. His fame across Asia and the upcoming release of his English-language album show that pop culture no longer moves strictly from West to East. I don't speak Korean, but like many Asian Americans, I am attracted to Asian entertainers.
Janet Vo
Boston
It is good to know that American stars such as Angelina Jolie and George Clooney are using their public prominence to address serious problems. Celebrities who choose to get involved in pressing social issues can raise awareness and inspire others to take positive action. Depicting Jolie as a puffy-lipped, pregnant Virgin Mary, however, was a wee bit overboard.
Jack Gordon
Sewickley, Pennsylvania, U.S.
As a college student struggling to decide what to do with my future, I very much appreciated your list of the 100 most influential people. It was inspiring to see that all 100 people who influence society in so many different ways have at least one thing in common: passion. Your article reminded me that the most important thing is not what I do; I just need to love doing it.
Lydia Kim
Evanston, Illinois, U.S.
I admire your including Bill and Melinda Gates in the list of important leaders. As a physician who has spent 50 years working in more than 20 countries, I have always dreamed that there would someday be enough money for the control of diseases in underdeveloped countries. Perhaps my dreams will come true through the immense generosity of that couple.
Fereydoun Arfaa
Danville, California, U.S.
After reading about Costco CEO Jim Sinegal, I am getting a membership to Costco and will never again darken the doorway of Wal-Mart. It seems that Sinegal understands what many companies knew 50 years ago: if you take good care of good employees, they will serve the company, not only themselves.
Paul Herman
Sun City West, Arizona, U.S.
The entire issue deserves commendation, but I especially thank you for the tribute to the Phoenix Suns point guard Steve Nash written by NBA Hall of Famer Charles Barkley. I have often wanted to send off a note to Nash thanking him for his positive attitude and example, and I wish I could personally know him. To have had the article authored by Barkley must have been really meaningful for Nash.
(The Rev.) Bill Albright
Macungie, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Joel Stein's "Meet the other 100" gave me a great idea: to make a list of the people who matter most to me. I wish I had started that list a long time ago. At my age, 75, not everyone on my list is alive today, which is regrettable. I never took the trouble to tell a high school teacher or a business mentor or a beloved grandfather what a significant influence each had on my life. I urge young people to make a list every 10 years and make sure you take the time to tell those people why they have had an influence on your life. All will be better for having done so.
Nelson M. Fellman
Voorhees, New Jersey, U.S.
Re "Why Germans are smiling again," on German Chancellor Angela Merkel: I take exception to the idea that Germans are looking to the future with more optimism because of Merkel. Positive developments appeared in the country before the elections. The fact is that any reform, drastic or timid, will need some time to produce effects, especially when, as in the case of employment, the government has only a very indirect influence. Your story says Merkel is nudging German foreign policy back toward a closeness to Washington. But it is the U.S. that has been moving. President George W. Bush has not jumped to use military means against Iran, while Merkel has been stressing that everything needs to be done to find a diplomatic solution and a consensus among the major powers.
Oliver Hauss
Dortmund, Germany
time's story on Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez made plain that the country's 26 million people are subjected to the desires of a tyrant. With all the loans, oil discounts and financing deals that Chávez grants to Venezuela's neighbors by way of increasing his political muscle, he has truly given away the shirt off our backs, although not his own. Poverty, hunger and crime have risen, while housing and hospitals have suffered. Is Chávez crafty or demented? He is only influential because he hands out money to weak-minded barbarians and unethical beggars who will crawl for the proverbial piece of the pie.
Rafael Silveira
Caracas
time's idea of influence shows a Western perspective and includes mostly people from the U.S. The world is much bigger than that. A list of the top 100 influential people on each continent would give a better picture of who really influences world events.
Paul van Wijgerden
Almere, the Netherlands
The Rhythm Method Remains
"Condom fight: the Vatican strikes back" [May 8] reported that the Roman Catholic Church is not changing its position and will not condone condom use under any circumstances. As a former Catholic, I rue the day when I confessed to a priest that I used birth control after having my fifth baby. That man said I was sinning and read the riot act to me. He had a lot of nerve! The church's policy against artificial contraception is nothing short of medieval.
Mary Thomas
Garden Grove, California, U.S.
The Fruits of Colonialism
Re "Exit strategies" [may 8], on European anti-immigration policies: Perhaps the right-wing elements in the governments of France, Britain and the Netherlands should stop and consider why there are immigrants in their countries. Could it be because Europeans interfered with and exploited so many parts of the world? It is said that history repeats itself. And where Europe has finished, the U.S. has taken over, which is why there will always be human beings searching for the security they do not have in their own countries. Colonialists cannot have it both ways. If you involve yourself in other countries, you have to take responsibility for your past and present actions.
Sara Ahsan
Manchester, England
Ease Off the Gas
The only way to lower the price of gas for good is to decrease the demand [May 1]. We Americans are such gluttons. We consume the most oil in the world, with little regard for the planet. You want the price of gas to go down? Stop driving so much. Take the bus, ride a bike, take a walk, join a van pool, take the train. Buy hybrid cars, and trade in your Hummers and suvs. And once in a while, stay home. The natural order of the capitalist economy will take care of the rest. Then we can we stop blaming the oil companies, the government, the Arabs and the terrorists for the price of gas.
Lee Kann
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
It amuses me no end to see Americans carping about gas prices while paying less than they are willing to pay for the same quantity of bottled water. It is time to wake up and realize that the price of a precious commodity whose supply is dwindling at an alarming rate can only go up, not down. It is time Americans start investing in public transport and working near their homes or living near their workplaces. Just think how much more you could accomplish if your commute were shorter and someone else did the driving.
Sudhir Jain
Calgary, Canada
Top StoriesTax Time in a Tough Economy: 10 Recession Tips
Arabs-Kurd Tensions Could Threaten Iraq's Peace
Solar Power May Be Eco-Friendly. But Some in California Call It a Blight
EPA Calls CO2 a Danger — At Last
Suld France Count Its Minority Population?
Facebook Yahoo! Buzz Mixx Permalink Reprints Related Thank you for including a diverse group of influential people in your Time 100 list [May 8]. I was especially delighted to see the story on the South Korean pop star Rain. His fame across Asia and the upcoming release of his English-language album show that pop culture no longer moves strictly from West to East. I don't speak Korean, but like many Asian Americans, I am attracted to Asian entertainers.
Janet Vo
Boston
It is good to know that American stars such as Angelina Jolie and George Clooney are using their public prominence to address serious problems. Celebrities who choose to get involved in pressing social issues can raise awareness and inspire others to take positive action. Depicting Jolie as a puffy-lipped, pregnant Virgin Mary, however, was a wee bit overboard.
Jack Gordon
Sewickley, Pennsylvania, U.S.
As a college student struggling to decide what to do with my future, I very much appreciated your list of the 100 most influential people. It was inspiring to see that all 100 people who influence society in so many different ways have at least one thing in common: passion. Your article reminded me that the most important thing is not what I do; I just need to love doing it.
Lydia Kim
Evanston, Illinois, U.S.
I admire your including Bill and Melinda Gates in the list of important leaders. As a physician who has spent 50 years working in more than 20 countries, I have always dreamed that there would someday be enough money for the control of diseases in underdeveloped countries. Perhaps my dreams will come true through the immense generosity of that couple.
Fereydoun Arfaa
Danville, California, U.S.
After reading about Costco CEO Jim Sinegal, I am getting a membership to Costco and will never again darken the doorway of Wal-Mart. It seems that Sinegal understands what many companies knew 50 years ago: if you take good care of good employees, they will serve the company, not only themselves.
Paul Herman
Sun City West, Arizona, U.S.
The entire issue deserves commendation, but I especially thank you for the tribute to the Phoenix Suns point guard Steve Nash written by NBA Hall of Famer Charles Barkley. I have often wanted to send off a note to Nash thanking him for his positive attitude and example, and I wish I could personally know him. To have had the article authored by Barkley must have been really meaningful for Nash.
(The Rev.) Bill Albright
Macungie, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Joel Stein's "Meet the other 100" gave me a great idea: to make a list of the people who matter most to me. I wish I had started that list a long time ago. At my age, 75, not everyone on my list is alive today, which is regrettable. I never took the trouble to tell a high school teacher or a business mentor or a beloved grandfather what a significant influence each had on my life. I urge young people to make a list every 10 years and make sure you take the time to tell those people why they have had an influence on your life. All will be better for having done so.
Nelson M. Fellman
Voorhees, New Jersey, U.S.
Re "Why Germans are smiling again," on German Chancellor Angela Merkel: I take exception to the idea that Germans are looking to the future with more optimism because of Merkel. Positive developments appeared in the country before the elections. The fact is that any reform, drastic or timid, will need some time to produce effects, especially when, as in the case of employment, the government has only a very indirect influence. Your story says Merkel is nudging German foreign policy back toward a closeness to Washington. But it is the U.S. that has been moving. President George W. Bush has not jumped to use military means against Iran, while Merkel has been stressing that everything needs to be done to find a diplomatic solution and a consensus among the major powers.
Oliver Hauss
Dortmund, Germany
time's story on Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez made plain that the country's 26 million people are subjected to the desires of a tyrant. With all the loans, oil discounts and financing deals that Chávez grants to Venezuela's neighbors by way of increasing his political muscle, he has truly given away the shirt off our backs, although not his own. Poverty, hunger and crime have risen, while housing and hospitals have suffered. Is Chávez crafty or demented? He is only influential because he hands out money to weak-minded barbarians and unethical beggars who will crawl for the proverbial piece of the pie.
Rafael Silveira
Caracas
time's idea of influence shows a Western perspective and includes mostly people from the U.S. The world is much bigger than that. A list of the top 100 influential people on each continent would give a better picture of who really influences world events.
Paul van Wijgerden
Almere, the Netherlands
The Rhythm Method Remains
"Condom fight: the Vatican strikes back" [May 8] reported that the Roman Catholic Church is not changing its position and will not condone condom use under any circumstances. As a former Catholic, I rue the day when I confessed to a priest that I used birth control after having my fifth baby. That man said I was sinning and read the riot act to me. He had a lot of nerve! The church's policy against artificial contraception is nothing short of medieval.
Mary Thomas
Garden Grove, California, U.S.
The Fruits of Colonialism
Re "Exit strategies" [may 8], on European anti-immigration policies: Perhaps the right-wing elements in the governments of France, Britain and the Netherlands should stop and consider why there are immigrants in their countries. Could it be because Europeans interfered with and exploited so many parts of the world? It is said that history repeats itself. And where Europe has finished, the U.S. has taken over, which is why there will always be human beings searching for the security they do not have in their own countries. Colonialists cannot have it both ways. If you involve yourself in other countries, you have to take responsibility for your past and present actions.
Sara Ahsan
Manchester, England
Ease Off the Gas
The only way to lower the price of gas for good is to decrease the demand [May 1]. We Americans are such gluttons. We consume the most oil in the world, with little regard for the planet. You want the price of gas to go down? Stop driving so much. Take the bus, ride a bike, take a walk, join a van pool, take the train. Buy hybrid cars, and trade in your Hummers and suvs. And once in a while, stay home. The natural order of the capitalist economy will take care of the rest. Then we can we stop blaming the oil companies, the government, the Arabs and the terrorists for the price of gas.
Lee Kann
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
It amuses me no end to see Americans carping about gas prices while paying less than they are willing to pay for the same quantity of bottled water. It is time to wake up and realize that the price of a precious commodity whose supply is dwindling at an alarming rate can only go up, not down. It is time Americans start investing in public transport and working near their homes or living near their workplaces. Just think how much more you could accomplish if your commute were shorter and someone else did the driving.
Sudhir Jain
Calgary, Canada
Top StoriesTax Time in a Tough Economy: 10 Recession Tips
Arabs-Kurd Tensions Could Threaten Iraq's Peace
Solar Power May Be Eco-Friendly. But Some in California Call It a Blight
EPA Calls CO2 a Danger — At Last
Suld France Count Its Minority Population?
Killer Diseases Transmitted By Animals To Man
KIller Diseases Transmitted By Animals To Man
Some animals are really deadly, transmitting lethal diseases to humans and killing millions.
Leishmaniasis
This disease is similar to malaria in that the disease organisms are protozoa transmitted to humans by an insect bite, but the insect in this case is the sandfly. The most lethal kind with a mortality rate of 95% is “kalazar,” a term derived from Hindi language meaning “black disease.”
Trypanosomiasis
This is a group of diseases caused by similar kinds of protozoa. The diseases include two kinds of African sleeping disease and chagas disease affecting about 10 million people. Sleeping sickness is transmitted by tsetse fly. Chagas disease is transmitted by the insect known as assassin bug or kissing bug. It also affects other animals such as donkey, cattle, horses and dogs.
Bubonic Plague.
Three great epidemics of bubonic plague have been recorded, including “Black Death” in the 14th century killing 50 million people. This disease is carried by rodents, including squirrel, rats, rabbits.
Malaria.
One of the most common diseases in the world, the disease is carried by anopheles mosquitoes. It is estimated that at least one million children die each year because of malaria.
Anthrax
This is an acute infectious disease caused by a bacteria and, depending on the form, can be highly lethal. Anthrax is a serious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which affects cattle, sheep, and goat usually causing death. People working with sick animals or their products can suffer sores, swelling, fever, pneumonia, blood poisoning and death.
Onchocerciasis.
This is a disease transmitted by a species of blackfly that causes blindness. This is not a deadly or killer disease but had caused millions of cases of blindness.
Avian Flu or Bird's Flu.
A contagious disease caused by viruses that normally infect birds and transmitted to humans. Since 1997, thousands of confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza viruses have been reported.
Leptospirosis.
An infectious disease caused by a particular type of bacteria called a spirochete transmitted by rats as well as by skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, and other vermin. Leptospirosis occurs worldwide but is most commonly acquired in the tropics.
Rabies.
An acute, infectious, often fatal viral disease of most warm-blooded animals, especially wolves, cats, and dogs, that attacks the central nervous system and is transmitted by the bite of infected animals. Thousands have died due to this disease.
Loiasis.
This is a kind of disease transmitted from monkey to human and vice versa by a biting fly.
Yellow Fever
Sometimes produces similar symptoms to those of malaria. It is a virus disease carried by aedes mosquito. Yellow fever also can be harbored by other animals.
Tularemia.
This disease is also called rabbit fever. It is transmitted from animals to humans who come in contact with the animal tissues and through the bites of ticks or fleas.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
This is the name of a tick borne. This disease is also called tick fever. The name is misleading because humans are most likely to get infected in regions far from the Rocky Mountains. It is caused by a rickettsial organism transmitted by a tick bite. Wild rodents are a reservoir of the infected ticks that carry the disease.
For more bizarre diseases and conditions and other related articles - check the ff:
20 Most Bizarre Congenital Defects/Abnormalities
Common and Rare Birth Defects or Congenital Disorders and their Causes
Bizarre Mental Disorders and Conditions
The Most Bizarre Sexual Disorders
Bizarre Deadly Diseases Transmitted by Animals to Humans 2
Deformities Caused by Bizarre Diseases or Physical Anomalies
Fight Colon/Rectum Cancer and Diabetes with High Fiber Bread Fruits and Vegetables
Top Ten Killer Cancers
38
Liked It
I Like It!
Related Articles
Top 10 Killer Cancers | Bizarre Deadly Diseases Transmitted by Animals to Humans Two
Mountain Spotted Fever as a kid and it is nothing to play with. I had gotten very sick, so now I do not play around when looking for ticks after getting back from a fishing or hunting trip.
Inside Healthmad
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Some animals are really deadly, transmitting lethal diseases to humans and killing millions.
Leishmaniasis
This disease is similar to malaria in that the disease organisms are protozoa transmitted to humans by an insect bite, but the insect in this case is the sandfly. The most lethal kind with a mortality rate of 95% is “kalazar,” a term derived from Hindi language meaning “black disease.”
Trypanosomiasis
This is a group of diseases caused by similar kinds of protozoa. The diseases include two kinds of African sleeping disease and chagas disease affecting about 10 million people. Sleeping sickness is transmitted by tsetse fly. Chagas disease is transmitted by the insect known as assassin bug or kissing bug. It also affects other animals such as donkey, cattle, horses and dogs.
Bubonic Plague.
Three great epidemics of bubonic plague have been recorded, including “Black Death” in the 14th century killing 50 million people. This disease is carried by rodents, including squirrel, rats, rabbits.
Malaria.
One of the most common diseases in the world, the disease is carried by anopheles mosquitoes. It is estimated that at least one million children die each year because of malaria.
Anthrax
This is an acute infectious disease caused by a bacteria and, depending on the form, can be highly lethal. Anthrax is a serious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which affects cattle, sheep, and goat usually causing death. People working with sick animals or their products can suffer sores, swelling, fever, pneumonia, blood poisoning and death.
Onchocerciasis.
This is a disease transmitted by a species of blackfly that causes blindness. This is not a deadly or killer disease but had caused millions of cases of blindness.
Avian Flu or Bird's Flu.
A contagious disease caused by viruses that normally infect birds and transmitted to humans. Since 1997, thousands of confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza viruses have been reported.
Leptospirosis.
An infectious disease caused by a particular type of bacteria called a spirochete transmitted by rats as well as by skunks, opossums, raccoons, foxes, and other vermin. Leptospirosis occurs worldwide but is most commonly acquired in the tropics.
Rabies.
An acute, infectious, often fatal viral disease of most warm-blooded animals, especially wolves, cats, and dogs, that attacks the central nervous system and is transmitted by the bite of infected animals. Thousands have died due to this disease.
Loiasis.
This is a kind of disease transmitted from monkey to human and vice versa by a biting fly.
Yellow Fever
Sometimes produces similar symptoms to those of malaria. It is a virus disease carried by aedes mosquito. Yellow fever also can be harbored by other animals.
Tularemia.
This disease is also called rabbit fever. It is transmitted from animals to humans who come in contact with the animal tissues and through the bites of ticks or fleas.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
This is the name of a tick borne. This disease is also called tick fever. The name is misleading because humans are most likely to get infected in regions far from the Rocky Mountains. It is caused by a rickettsial organism transmitted by a tick bite. Wild rodents are a reservoir of the infected ticks that carry the disease.
For more bizarre diseases and conditions and other related articles - check the ff:
20 Most Bizarre Congenital Defects/Abnormalities
Common and Rare Birth Defects or Congenital Disorders and their Causes
Bizarre Mental Disorders and Conditions
The Most Bizarre Sexual Disorders
Bizarre Deadly Diseases Transmitted by Animals to Humans 2
Deformities Caused by Bizarre Diseases or Physical Anomalies
Fight Colon/Rectum Cancer and Diabetes with High Fiber Bread Fruits and Vegetables
Top Ten Killer Cancers
38
Liked It
I Like It!
Related Articles
Top 10 Killer Cancers | Bizarre Deadly Diseases Transmitted by Animals to Humans Two
Mountain Spotted Fever as a kid and it is nothing to play with. I had gotten very sick, so now I do not play around when looking for ticks after getting back from a fishing or hunting trip.
Inside Healthmad
Addiction / Aging / Alternative / Beauty / Children / Conditions and Diseases / Disabilities / Fitness / Health / Healthcare Industry / Home Health / Medicine / Men's Health / Mental Health / Nursing / Nutrition / Occupational Health and Safety / Senior Health / Teen Health / Travel Health / Weight Loss / Women
Web Healthmad
Popular Tags
cancer depression Diabetes diet disease exercise fat fitness food health healthy Life medicine Mental Health Nutrition pain sleep Stress weight weight loss
Popular Writers
BC Doan CHAN LEE PENG CutestPrincess Darlene McFarlane Emma-O Jaison Judy Sheldon Kristie Leong MD lanne Liane Schmidt Louie Jerome Lucas Dié nobert soloria bermosa Rodallega Ronald Marbles Ruby Hawk Scorpioncbr Shergill strawberriann valli
Global Warming
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Human Achievement Hour
by Michelle Minton
23 March 2009 @ 12:09 pm
This week CEI announced the creation of Human Achievement Hour (HAH) to be celebrated at 8:30pm on March 28th 2009 (the same time and date of Earth Hour).
Our press release described ways people might celebrate the achievements of humanity such as eating diner, seeing a film, driving around, keeping the heat on in your home—all things that Earth Hour celebrators, presumably, should be refraining from. In the cheekiest manner, we claimed that anyone not foregoing the use of electricity in that hour is, by default, celebrating the achievements of human beings. Needless to say, the enviros in the blogosphere didn’t take to kindly to our announcement.
Matthew Wheeland, an environmental journalist called the holiday “mind-blowingly strange” and pondered if Earth hour…
Last week, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce unveiled a NIMBY-Watch Web site called Project No Project .
With case studies from more than 30 states, Project No Project chronicles how NIMBY (”not in my backyard”) activists “block energy projects by organizing local opposition, changing zoning laws, opposing permits, filing lawsuits, and bleeding projects dry of their financing.” Many of the projects blocked are not coal plants but alternative energy projects or infrastructure often touted as “green.”
The site invites readers to provide examples from their own locales of NIMBY efforts to block or stall energy-related projects.
Proponents of “green jobs” should be concerned as much as free-market and property-rights advocates, because ”stimulus” projects are vulnerable to the same NIMBY tactics that, for example, have immobilized the Cape Wind Project in Nantucket, Mass.
Although Project No…
Tomorrow, the House Foreign Affairs Committee will hold a hearing on the national security threats from melting Arctic ice. Greenwire (subscription required), the Online environmental news service, explains the rationale for the hearing:
In a report last year, the European Commission warned that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization must be prepared for an intensified “scramble for resources” as melting glaciers and sea ice open up previously inaccessible areas to exploitation. The report explicitly expressed concerns over “long term relations with Russia,” (ClimateWire, April 2, 2008).
Now, opening up ”previously inaccessible” areas to oil and gas development could also be a font of economic and national security benefits. One thing we know for sure about Arctic mineral resources–they aren’t owned by Saudi Arabia, Iran, or Venezuela, and never will be controlled by OPEC.
Yes, there…
Announcement
Click here to see Global Warming Apocalypse? No!, a Congressional staff and media briefing by Lord Christopher Monckton, Chief Policy Advisor, Science and Public Policy Institute.
The Heartland Institute has posted videos of the keynote speeches from the second International Conference on Climate Change.
In the News
Obama Budget Will Bring…
Over at the Center for American Progress, Brad Johnson, my sometimes interlocutor, takes issue with a recent Gallup poll for giving a “false choice between environmental protection and economic growth.” The subject of Johnson’s analysis is a report on the Gallup website that says,
“For the first time in Gallup’s 25-year history of asking Americans about the trade-off between environmental protection and economic growth, a majority of Americans say economic growth should be given the priority”
Mr. Johnson asserts that the Gallup’s poll is flawed because the question is inaccurate. According to Mr. Johnson, there is no trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection. We can have our cake and eat it, too, implies Mr. Johnson, and he cites two studies to prove…
Last week, EPA leaked a Power Point presentation revealing that the agency plans on April 30 to propose a finding that “air pollution” from emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), principally carbon dioxide (CO2), ”endanger public health and welfare.”
The endangerment proposal, part of EPA’s response to the Supreme Court’s Massachusetts v. EPA (April 2, 2007) decision, is the essential first step towards establishing GHG emission standards for new motor vehicles under Sec. 202 of the Clean Air Act (CAA).
As I explain in this column, EPA cannot establish GHG standards for new motor vehicles without triggering a regulatory cascade through multiple CAA provisions. The impacts on energy markets and the economy will be subject to the vagaries of litigation, and potentially would be far more costly and intrusive than…
Energy Chief Open to a Carbon Trade War
Iain Tally & Tom Barkley, Wall Street Journal, 18 March 2009
Energy Secretary Steven Chu on Tuesday advocated adjusting trade duties as a “weapon” to protect U.S. manufacturing, just a day after one of China’s top climate envoys warned of a trade war if…
Showing that he believes Al Gore’s typical misunderstanding that the Chinese word for crisis is made up of the characters for threat and opportunity (it isn’t), Achim Steiner, head of the UN Environment Program, has said that the global financial crisis provides an opportunity for a global green new deal:
The UNEP report said investments of one percent of global gross domestic product, or about $750 billion, could bankroll a “Global Green New Deal” inspired by the “New Deal” of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped end the depression of the 1930s. [sic]
Investments should be split between more energy efficient buildings, renewable energies, better transport, improved agriculture and measures to safeguard nature — such as fresh water, forests or…
Fiona Harvey of the FT is one of the better journalists covering the environmental beat, but I’m afraid that is a bit like saying that someone is one of the better members of Congress. In this blog entry on green jobs she commendably raises some objections to the idea that “green jobs” can be a panacea, but then shows her own biases with an unsupportable assertion:
That said, the move to a low-carbon economy requires such major changes in the way the whole of the economy - from house building to vehicle manufacturing to recycling our rubbish to redesigning our cities - that it is sure to entail a large number of new jobs, which will almost certainly far outweigh the…
Thanks, Fran, for blogging on the carbon tariff threat to the peace and prosperity of the world.
We should all remember that carbon tariffs are no mere quirk of this or that administration, political party, or government agency. Protectionism is an inherent feature of carbon suppression policies, for three reasons:
(1) Companies and labor unions in carbon-constrained countries will demand carbon tariffs to “level the playing field” vis-a-vis firms in non-carbon constrained countries. Absent carbon tariffs, domestic industry and labor will not support cap-and-trade or carbon taxes.
(2) Carbon suppression programs all exhibit the classic collective action problem. However much it might be in the collective interest of every nation to “save the planet,” it is in the separate interest of each nation to free-ride on the sacrifices of others.…
For more on the insanity of carbon tariffs, there’s an excellent 2008 article by the National Post’s Terence Corcoran appropriately titled “Blowing up the WTO.” Here’s what he says:
This is a legal and practical quagmire. To figure out the appropriate tax level would require a mind-blowingly elaborate carbon-measurement scheme, created on a global scale. It would have to be able to determine how much carbon emissions are embedded in the power drill that is nominally made in China, but is actually assembled from parts made in a dozen other countries. Some of those countries may or may not have carbon control programs in place.
Corcoran concludes:
. . . all this is a recipe for global trade wars. It would mean, in effect,…
Just as the World Bank put out a report on increased trade protectionism in the world, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu came out in favor of using carbon tariffs as a “weapon” against countries that aren’t taking steps to reduce their carbon emissions and as a way to protect U.S. manufacturers.
He seemed not to notice that the day before China’s top climate change official Li Gao had warned that carbon tariffs imposed on developing countries would be a “disaster” and perhaps start a trade war.
Li had suggested too that maybe those rich countries that import goods from China might themselves pay for offsetting the emissions in their production.
We are at the low end of the production line for the global economy. We produce products…
Popular Most Commented Something Rotten in the NYT
Al Gore Gives Me Hope for a Better World
The Disconnect
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APA Wants to Greenwash Brains
Global Warming 101: Solutions
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Iulian: Press Release LYCEUM Gaudeamus to participate i...
Darrius Craft: I love and support Chris always!...
xoje:'-tilte': In 1492 they came from across the ocean, they took...
chuck in st paul: The whole AGW scam is starting to unravel as real ...
Kevin: this is such a sham. its so stupid...
John Christy Debates William Schlesinger - 16 comments
Global Warming 101: Solutions - 13 comments
Travesty–Rep. Inslee’s behavior at Energy & Commerce hearing - 10 comments
Global Warming 101: Science - 9 comments
Great News: Already, Obama Is Backtracking on Climate - 9 comments
abject failure alarmism bank accounts bias carbon dioxide carbon trading cato change legislation climate change climate models climate sensitivity climatologists committee hearing consequences dividend payments dr james dr john electricity prices energy crisis global warming grist insightful commentary james hansen john christy means committee national academy of sciences norm patrick michaels podcast portrayal Science special interests
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Human Achievement Hour
by Michelle Minton
23 March 2009 @ 12:09 pm
This week CEI announced the creation of Human Achievement Hour (HAH) to be celebrated at 8:30pm on March 28th 2009 (the same time and date of Earth Hour).
Our press release described ways people might celebrate the achievements of humanity such as eating diner, seeing a film, driving around, keeping the heat on in your home—all things that Earth Hour celebrators, presumably, should be refraining from. In the cheekiest manner, we claimed that anyone not foregoing the use of electricity in that hour is, by default, celebrating the achievements of human beings. Needless to say, the enviros in the blogosphere didn’t take to kindly to our announcement.
Matthew Wheeland, an environmental journalist called the holiday “mind-blowingly strange” and pondered if Earth hour…
Last week, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce unveiled a NIMBY-Watch Web site called Project No Project .
With case studies from more than 30 states, Project No Project chronicles how NIMBY (”not in my backyard”) activists “block energy projects by organizing local opposition, changing zoning laws, opposing permits, filing lawsuits, and bleeding projects dry of their financing.” Many of the projects blocked are not coal plants but alternative energy projects or infrastructure often touted as “green.”
The site invites readers to provide examples from their own locales of NIMBY efforts to block or stall energy-related projects.
Proponents of “green jobs” should be concerned as much as free-market and property-rights advocates, because ”stimulus” projects are vulnerable to the same NIMBY tactics that, for example, have immobilized the Cape Wind Project in Nantucket, Mass.
Although Project No…
Tomorrow, the House Foreign Affairs Committee will hold a hearing on the national security threats from melting Arctic ice. Greenwire (subscription required), the Online environmental news service, explains the rationale for the hearing:
In a report last year, the European Commission warned that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization must be prepared for an intensified “scramble for resources” as melting glaciers and sea ice open up previously inaccessible areas to exploitation. The report explicitly expressed concerns over “long term relations with Russia,” (ClimateWire, April 2, 2008).
Now, opening up ”previously inaccessible” areas to oil and gas development could also be a font of economic and national security benefits. One thing we know for sure about Arctic mineral resources–they aren’t owned by Saudi Arabia, Iran, or Venezuela, and never will be controlled by OPEC.
Yes, there…
Announcement
Click here to see Global Warming Apocalypse? No!, a Congressional staff and media briefing by Lord Christopher Monckton, Chief Policy Advisor, Science and Public Policy Institute.
The Heartland Institute has posted videos of the keynote speeches from the second International Conference on Climate Change.
In the News
Obama Budget Will Bring…
Over at the Center for American Progress, Brad Johnson, my sometimes interlocutor, takes issue with a recent Gallup poll for giving a “false choice between environmental protection and economic growth.” The subject of Johnson’s analysis is a report on the Gallup website that says,
“For the first time in Gallup’s 25-year history of asking Americans about the trade-off between environmental protection and economic growth, a majority of Americans say economic growth should be given the priority”
Mr. Johnson asserts that the Gallup’s poll is flawed because the question is inaccurate. According to Mr. Johnson, there is no trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection. We can have our cake and eat it, too, implies Mr. Johnson, and he cites two studies to prove…
Last week, EPA leaked a Power Point presentation revealing that the agency plans on April 30 to propose a finding that “air pollution” from emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), principally carbon dioxide (CO2), ”endanger public health and welfare.”
The endangerment proposal, part of EPA’s response to the Supreme Court’s Massachusetts v. EPA (April 2, 2007) decision, is the essential first step towards establishing GHG emission standards for new motor vehicles under Sec. 202 of the Clean Air Act (CAA).
As I explain in this column, EPA cannot establish GHG standards for new motor vehicles without triggering a regulatory cascade through multiple CAA provisions. The impacts on energy markets and the economy will be subject to the vagaries of litigation, and potentially would be far more costly and intrusive than…
Energy Chief Open to a Carbon Trade War
Iain Tally & Tom Barkley, Wall Street Journal, 18 March 2009
Energy Secretary Steven Chu on Tuesday advocated adjusting trade duties as a “weapon” to protect U.S. manufacturing, just a day after one of China’s top climate envoys warned of a trade war if…
Showing that he believes Al Gore’s typical misunderstanding that the Chinese word for crisis is made up of the characters for threat and opportunity (it isn’t), Achim Steiner, head of the UN Environment Program, has said that the global financial crisis provides an opportunity for a global green new deal:
The UNEP report said investments of one percent of global gross domestic product, or about $750 billion, could bankroll a “Global Green New Deal” inspired by the “New Deal” of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped end the depression of the 1930s. [sic]
Investments should be split between more energy efficient buildings, renewable energies, better transport, improved agriculture and measures to safeguard nature — such as fresh water, forests or…
Fiona Harvey of the FT is one of the better journalists covering the environmental beat, but I’m afraid that is a bit like saying that someone is one of the better members of Congress. In this blog entry on green jobs she commendably raises some objections to the idea that “green jobs” can be a panacea, but then shows her own biases with an unsupportable assertion:
That said, the move to a low-carbon economy requires such major changes in the way the whole of the economy - from house building to vehicle manufacturing to recycling our rubbish to redesigning our cities - that it is sure to entail a large number of new jobs, which will almost certainly far outweigh the…
Thanks, Fran, for blogging on the carbon tariff threat to the peace and prosperity of the world.
We should all remember that carbon tariffs are no mere quirk of this or that administration, political party, or government agency. Protectionism is an inherent feature of carbon suppression policies, for three reasons:
(1) Companies and labor unions in carbon-constrained countries will demand carbon tariffs to “level the playing field” vis-a-vis firms in non-carbon constrained countries. Absent carbon tariffs, domestic industry and labor will not support cap-and-trade or carbon taxes.
(2) Carbon suppression programs all exhibit the classic collective action problem. However much it might be in the collective interest of every nation to “save the planet,” it is in the separate interest of each nation to free-ride on the sacrifices of others.…
For more on the insanity of carbon tariffs, there’s an excellent 2008 article by the National Post’s Terence Corcoran appropriately titled “Blowing up the WTO.” Here’s what he says:
This is a legal and practical quagmire. To figure out the appropriate tax level would require a mind-blowingly elaborate carbon-measurement scheme, created on a global scale. It would have to be able to determine how much carbon emissions are embedded in the power drill that is nominally made in China, but is actually assembled from parts made in a dozen other countries. Some of those countries may or may not have carbon control programs in place.
Corcoran concludes:
. . . all this is a recipe for global trade wars. It would mean, in effect,…
Just as the World Bank put out a report on increased trade protectionism in the world, U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu came out in favor of using carbon tariffs as a “weapon” against countries that aren’t taking steps to reduce their carbon emissions and as a way to protect U.S. manufacturers.
He seemed not to notice that the day before China’s top climate change official Li Gao had warned that carbon tariffs imposed on developing countries would be a “disaster” and perhaps start a trade war.
Li had suggested too that maybe those rich countries that import goods from China might themselves pay for offsetting the emissions in their production.
We are at the low end of the production line for the global economy. We produce products…
Popular Most Commented Something Rotten in the NYT
Al Gore Gives Me Hope for a Better World
The Disconnect
The Week In Washington, D. C.
APA Wants to Greenwash Brains
Global Warming 101: Solutions
Global Warming 101: Costs
Global Warming 101: Science
Iulian: Press Release LYCEUM Gaudeamus to participate i...
Darrius Craft: I love and support Chris always!...
xoje:'-tilte': In 1492 they came from across the ocean, they took...
chuck in st paul: The whole AGW scam is starting to unravel as real ...
Kevin: this is such a sham. its so stupid...
John Christy Debates William Schlesinger - 16 comments
Global Warming 101: Solutions - 13 comments
Travesty–Rep. Inslee’s behavior at Energy & Commerce hearing - 10 comments
Global Warming 101: Science - 9 comments
Great News: Already, Obama Is Backtracking on Climate - 9 comments
abject failure alarmism bank accounts bias carbon dioxide carbon trading cato change legislation climate change climate models climate sensitivity climatologists committee hearing consequences dividend payments dr james dr john electricity prices energy crisis global warming grist insightful commentary james hansen john christy means committee national academy of sciences norm patrick michaels podcast portrayal Science special interests
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Alex Harris
Angela Logomasini
Chris Horner
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Cord Blomquist
Doug Bandow
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Iain Murray
Ivan Osorio
Julie Walsh
Lene Johansen
Marlo Lewis
Marlo Lewis
Michelle Minton
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Tuesday, March 17, 2009
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About Africa {the black races}
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Monday March 16, 2009
"Europeans assume that, given the right knowledge and ideas, personal relations can be left largely to take care of themselves, and this is perhaps the most fundamental difference in outlook between Africans and Europeans."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from his book Facing Mount Kenya, 1938.
"Our children may learn about the heroes of the past. Our task is to make ourselves the architects of the future."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from an address given on Kenyatta Day, as quoted in Anita King's Quotations in Black, Greenwood Press 1981.
More quotes by Jomo Kenyatta.
Comments (0)Permalink
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Sunday March 15, 2009
Droughts are fairly common in southern Africa, but when the rain does fall there are excellent opportunities for grazing cattle and developing agriculture. So it is not surprising that one of the most critical threats against the well being of a southern African society was failure of the rains. Rain rituals are predominantly directed towards the ancestors (despite the weather being the responsibility of the supreme being). They are supposed to intercede on the people's behalf, and drought occurs when they are negligent.
As well as sacrificing animals and using powerful medicines Southern African chiefs would normally employ medicine men to help in the rituals. For the Lovedu, however, their Rain Queen, the Mudjadji, works her medicines alone. Find out more about the Lovedu Rain Queen...
Comments (0)Permalink
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Tuesday March 10, 2009
The final death knell of the Bambara Empire sounded with the invasion of the city of Ségou by the forces of al-Hajj 'Umar. The process had been long winded – the collapse began in 1818 with an assault by the forces of the Fulani Muslim leader, Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo. Following the 1818 invasion Bambara Empire fractured, but it still managed to dominate the region for the next 40 years from its center at Kaarta.
The Tukulor Empire, created by Al-Hajj 'Umar eventually spanned from Senegal to Timbuktu. But came up against the colonial aspirations of France – by 1890 French troops had swept across the region and in 1893 was incorporated into the territory of French Sudan (Soudan).
Comments (0)Permalink
A Few Words From Nelson Mandela ...
Monday March 9, 2009
"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my Lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Nelson Mandela, defense statement during the Rivonia Trial, 1964. Also repeated during the closing of his speech delivered in Cape Town on the day he was released from prison 27 years later, on 11 February 1990.
"The time is always right to do right."
Nelson Mandela, "The 100 Best Things Ever Said by Men" in South Africa's Men's Health magazine, February 2002.
Comments (0)Permalink
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Burning Spear - Light of Kenya
Find out more about Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya and prominent independence leader. Born into dominant Kikuyu culture, Kenyatta became its most famous interpreter of Kikuyu traditions through his book Facing Mount Kenya.
Read more
More on Kenyatta and Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta Quotes
Kenya Timeline -- Part 1
Kenya Timeline -- Part 2
Alistair's African History Blog
Add to: iGoogleMy Yahoo!RSS
A Few More Words From Jomo Kenyatta ...
Monday March 16, 2009
"Europeans assume that, given the right knowledge and ideas, personal relations can be left largely to take care of themselves, and this is perhaps the most fundamental difference in outlook between Africans and Europeans."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from his book Facing Mount Kenya, 1938.
"Our children may learn about the heroes of the past. Our task is to make ourselves the architects of the future."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from an address given on Kenyatta Day, as quoted in Anita King's Quotations in Black, Greenwood Press 1981.
More quotes by Jomo Kenyatta.
Comments (0)Permalink
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Sunday March 15, 2009
Droughts are fairly common in southern Africa, but when the rain does fall there are excellent opportunities for grazing cattle and developing agriculture. So it is not surprising that one of the most critical threats against the well being of a southern African society was failure of the rains. Rain rituals are predominantly directed towards the ancestors (despite the weather being the responsibility of the supreme being). They are supposed to intercede on the people's behalf, and drought occurs when they are negligent.
As well as sacrificing animals and using powerful medicines Southern African chiefs would normally employ medicine men to help in the rituals. For the Lovedu, however, their Rain Queen, the Mudjadji, works her medicines alone. Find out more about the Lovedu Rain Queen...
Comments (0)Permalink
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Tuesday March 10, 2009
The final death knell of the Bambara Empire sounded with the invasion of the city of Ségou by the forces of al-Hajj 'Umar. The process had been long winded – the collapse began in 1818 with an assault by the forces of the Fulani Muslim leader, Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo. Following the 1818 invasion Bambara Empire fractured, but it still managed to dominate the region for the next 40 years from its center at Kaarta.
The Tukulor Empire, created by Al-Hajj 'Umar eventually spanned from Senegal to Timbuktu. But came up against the colonial aspirations of France – by 1890 French troops had swept across the region and in 1893 was incorporated into the territory of French Sudan (Soudan).
Comments (0)Permalink
A Few Words From Nelson Mandela ...
Monday March 9, 2009
"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my Lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Nelson Mandela, defense statement during the Rivonia Trial, 1964. Also repeated during the closing of his speech delivered in Cape Town on the day he was released from prison 27 years later, on 11 February 1990.
"The time is always right to do right."
Nelson Mandela, "The 100 Best Things Ever Said by Men" in South Africa's Men's Health magazine, February 2002.
Comments (0)Permalink
See More Blog Entries
Sponsored Links
African Markets
Free trial to first-class emerging markets financial analysis
www.businessmonitor.com/africa
Find True Love in Nigeria
Register, Search and Make Contact. Create a Profile for Free
www.alarena.com
Albinism in Tanzania
Albino Murders, albinos tanzania
www.underthesamesun.com
satellite africa
Satellite broadband-iDirect, Ku & C Unrivaled service & price.
www.LinkSystems-uk.Com
Free African History Newsletter!Sign UpAdvertisement
Discuss
Recent Blog PostsA Few More Words From Jomo Kenyatta ...
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Community ForumNew posts to the African History forums:
AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Why did the slave trade last?
"Blood Money Out of Africa"
Explore African History
Must Reads
African Slavery 101
Atlas of African Independence
Apartheid FAQ
What Caused the Scramble for Africa?
This Day in African History: March
Most Popular
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Young African Boys Captured for Slave Trade
Apartheid Legislation in South Africa
Steve Biko
Biography: Idi Amin Dada
Free African History Newsletter!Sign Up
By Category
Apartheid
Slavery
Biographies
Human Origins in Africa
Pre-Colonial Africa
Colonial Africa
Independent Africa
Country History A to Z
Country History by Region
Military History
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African History Resources
African History Glossary
More from About.com
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Being well prepared is the first step; here are more essential suggestions.
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The First World War finally broke out in the second half of 1914 because of an ‘accident’ in Bosnia.
Sarajevo Assassination
Outbreak of War - July/August 1914
1. The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 1914)
The final event which led to the outbreak of the First World War took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian nationalist of the Black Hand at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital .
WHY ASSASSINATE THE ARCHDUKE?
The Serbian Black Hand had to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand because he wanted to convert the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (the Dual Monarchy) into a Triple Monarchy by the inclusion of Serbia. Although the Serbs might gain a certain degree of autonomy within the Triple Monarchy, their long cherished wish of creating a united Serbian state would be dashed to the ground. Francis Joseph, the reigning monarch was eighty-four years old and expected to die soon. Ferdinand's ideas might have a chance for realization very soon. The Black Hand thought that they should kill Ferdinand before it was too late. Some members of the Serbian cabinet knew the assassination plot in advance but did not stop it.
AUSTRIAN INTENTUION TO DESTROY SERBIA
Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack on the existence of the Dual Monarchy because if Francis Joseph died Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria consciously exploited the occasion to destroy Serbia as a state to put an end to the Serbian threat to the existence of the Dual Monarchy for ever. A war with Serbia might lead to a war with Russia. Thus Austria wanted to be assured of German support.
GERMAN SUPPORT
The German Kaiser decided to support Austria because he regarded Austria as the only ally of Germany and because he believed that the Russian Czar would not come to help Serbia in a war involving the death of a future monarch. On July 6, Germany assured Austria that should there be an Austro-Serbian war, Germany would stand by her (Austrian) side and give her unlimited support as an ally. This was called the "Blank Cheque".
ULTIMATUM TO SERBIAN
Having received the wholehearted support from Germany, Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914. The ultimatum was to be answered within 48 hours. It included the following demands:
(i) Serbia was to suppress all anti-Austrian (and Pan-Slav) publications, societies and propaganda.
(ii) Serbia was to dismiss all anti-Austrian officials objected by Austria.
(iii) Austrian police and officials were to enter Serbia and to take part in the Serbian police force in order to carry out the suppression of anti-Austrian activities and investigations concerning the Sarajevo murders.
SERBIAN REPLY
These demands infringed Serbian sovereignty. Austria expected that Serbia would reject, thus giving her the excuse to declare war. Serbia accepted the first two demands but rejected the third. Serbia suggested to submit it for arbitration by the Hague Tribunal. William II was satisfied with the Serbian reply and did not feel the need to punish Serbia with a war. He declared, "a brilliant diplomatic triumph, no excuse for war."
2.OUTBREAK OF WAR-1914
War declared
Austria was still determined to destroy Serbia. After declaring the Serbian reply unsatisfactory, the Austrian government declared war on July 28. The bombardment of Belgrade began on July 29.
RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION
The Serbian ally, Russia, learnt of the ultimatum on July 24. On July 26 the Czar reassured the Serbian crown prince that "Russia will in no case be indifferent to the fate of Serbia." Russia certainly could not bear humiliations from Germany any more; if she failed to defend Serbia again and again, Russia could no longer set her foot on the Balkans as the leader of the Slav nations. The Russian Czar was probably encouraged by the French to take a firm stand against Germany, for France had learnt of the Schlieffen War Plan . France urged Russia to mobilize for fear of an immediate German attack. After the bombardment of Belgrade on July 30, the Czar was persuaded by his ministers and Chief of staff to order full mobilization.
GERMAN DECLARATION OF WAR
Germany feared that she would face attacks from both Russia and France. Germany demanded Russia to stop her mobilization at once. Russia refused. Germany at once declared war on Russia on August 1.
According to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany had to attack France at once. Germany sent an ultimatum to France demanding her to be neutral. After receiving a French reply that France would side with Russia, Germany lost no time and declared war on France on August 3.
SCHLIEFFEN WAR PLANS
After the formation of the Dual Alliance between Russia and France in 1893, Germany feared attack on two fronts--France in the west and Russia in the east. The result was the Schlieffen Plan (this was the war plan for Germany during the First World War). The Chief of the German General Staff, Count Schlieffen drew up his military plan on the theory that Russia would need at least six weeks to mobilize before she could be ready to attack. In the meantime, Germany could concentrate her military forces against France, which might be subjugated within six weeks by an overwhelming attack through neutral Belgium. Germany could then turn to attack Russia.
BRITAIN JOINED THE WAR
On August 4, according to the Schlieffen Plan, the German troops crossed the Belgian frontier. On the same day the British government declared war on Germany. There were two reasons which prompted Britain to take action at once. Firstly, German invasion of Belgium had aroused British opinion against Germany because the country had been guaranteed as a neutral state by all great powers in 1839 in the Treaty of London. Now the German invasion had treated the treaty as a scrap of paper and so committed a moral crime. Secondly, no British government would tolerate the domination of Belgium by any powerful continental nation because it directly endangered the security of Britain. (Belgium was separated from Britain by a narrow channel only.)
Causes
National Rivalries
Alliance System
Militarism
Economic Rivalries
Colonial Rivalries
Pre-war Crises Immediate Cause Course of the War Results of the War
Immediate Cause of the War (June 1914 )
The First World War finally broke out in the second half of 1914 because of an ‘accident’ in Bosnia.
Sarajevo Assassination
Outbreak of War - July/August 1914
1. The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 1914)
The final event which led to the outbreak of the First World War took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian nationalist of the Black Hand at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital .
WHY ASSASSINATE THE ARCHDUKE?
The Serbian Black Hand had to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand because he wanted to convert the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (the Dual Monarchy) into a Triple Monarchy by the inclusion of Serbia. Although the Serbs might gain a certain degree of autonomy within the Triple Monarchy, their long cherished wish of creating a united Serbian state would be dashed to the ground. Francis Joseph, the reigning monarch was eighty-four years old and expected to die soon. Ferdinand's ideas might have a chance for realization very soon. The Black Hand thought that they should kill Ferdinand before it was too late. Some members of the Serbian cabinet knew the assassination plot in advance but did not stop it.
AUSTRIAN INTENTUION TO DESTROY SERBIA
Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack on the existence of the Dual Monarchy because if Francis Joseph died Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria consciously exploited the occasion to destroy Serbia as a state to put an end to the Serbian threat to the existence of the Dual Monarchy for ever. A war with Serbia might lead to a war with Russia. Thus Austria wanted to be assured of German support.
GERMAN SUPPORT
The German Kaiser decided to support Austria because he regarded Austria as the only ally of Germany and because he believed that the Russian Czar would not come to help Serbia in a war involving the death of a future monarch. On July 6, Germany assured Austria that should there be an Austro-Serbian war, Germany would stand by her (Austrian) side and give her unlimited support as an ally. This was called the "Blank Cheque".
ULTIMATUM TO SERBIAN
Having received the wholehearted support from Germany, Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914. The ultimatum was to be answered within 48 hours. It included the following demands:
(i) Serbia was to suppress all anti-Austrian (and Pan-Slav) publications, societies and propaganda.
(ii) Serbia was to dismiss all anti-Austrian officials objected by Austria.
(iii) Austrian police and officials were to enter Serbia and to take part in the Serbian police force in order to carry out the suppression of anti-Austrian activities and investigations concerning the Sarajevo murders.
SERBIAN REPLY
These demands infringed Serbian sovereignty. Austria expected that Serbia would reject, thus giving her the excuse to declare war. Serbia accepted the first two demands but rejected the third. Serbia suggested to submit it for arbitration by the Hague Tribunal. William II was satisfied with the Serbian reply and did not feel the need to punish Serbia with a war. He declared, "a brilliant diplomatic triumph, no excuse for war."
2.OUTBREAK OF WAR-1914
War declared
Austria was still determined to destroy Serbia. After declaring the Serbian reply unsatisfactory, the Austrian government declared war on July 28. The bombardment of Belgrade began on July 29.
RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION
The Serbian ally, Russia, learnt of the ultimatum on July 24. On July 26 the Czar reassured the Serbian crown prince that "Russia will in no case be indifferent to the fate of Serbia." Russia certainly could not bear humiliations from Germany any more; if she failed to defend Serbia again and again, Russia could no longer set her foot on the Balkans as the leader of the Slav nations. The Russian Czar was probably encouraged by the French to take a firm stand against Germany, for France had learnt of the Schlieffen War Plan . France urged Russia to mobilize for fear of an immediate German attack. After the bombardment of Belgrade on July 30, the Czar was persuaded by his ministers and Chief of staff to order full mobilization.
GERMAN DECLARATION OF WAR
Germany feared that she would face attacks from both Russia and France. Germany demanded Russia to stop her mobilization at once. Russia refused. Germany at once declared war on Russia on August 1.
According to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany had to attack France at once. Germany sent an ultimatum to France demanding her to be neutral. After receiving a French reply that France would side with Russia, Germany lost no time and declared war on France on August 3.
SCHLIEFFEN WAR PLANS
After the formation of the Dual Alliance between Russia and France in 1893, Germany feared attack on two fronts--France in the west and Russia in the east. The result was the Schlieffen Plan (this was the war plan for Germany during the First World War). The Chief of the German General Staff, Count Schlieffen drew up his military plan on the theory that Russia would need at least six weeks to mobilize before she could be ready to attack. In the meantime, Germany could concentrate her military forces against France, which might be subjugated within six weeks by an overwhelming attack through neutral Belgium. Germany could then turn to attack Russia.
BRITAIN JOINED THE WAR
On August 4, according to the Schlieffen Plan, the German troops crossed the Belgian frontier. On the same day the British government declared war on Germany. There were two reasons which prompted Britain to take action at once. Firstly, German invasion of Belgium had aroused British opinion against Germany because the country had been guaranteed as a neutral state by all great powers in 1839 in the Treaty of London. Now the German invasion had treated the treaty as a scrap of paper and so committed a moral crime. Secondly, no British government would tolerate the domination of Belgium by any powerful continental nation because it directly endangered the security of Britain. (Belgium was separated from Britain by a narrow channel only.)
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