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Tuesday, March 17, 2009
About Africa {the black races}
SEARCHING AFRICAN HISTORY
HomeEducationAfrican History
EmailPrint African HistoryPeople / PlacesEventsMust Reads
African Slavery 101
Atlas of African Independence
Apartheid FAQ
What Caused the Scramble for Africa?
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Guide since 2001Alistair Boddy-Evans
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Buy and Sell anything at Africa's Largest Market Place.
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Online books, journals for academic research, plus bibliography tools.
www.Questia.com/Apartheid
Browse Topic
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African History Glossary
Mysteries of Ancient Egypt
Colors of Ancient Egypt
The Ancient Egyptian word 'iwen' could interchangeably mean color, appearance, character, being, or nature.
Read more
Life in Ancient Egypt
Color Technology in Ancient Egypt
Where Do You Find Hieroglyphs?
Ancient Egypt: The Father Of Time
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Burning Spear - Light of Kenya
Find out more about Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya and prominent independence leader. Born into dominant Kikuyu culture, Kenyatta became its most famous interpreter of Kikuyu traditions through his book Facing Mount Kenya.
Read more
More on Kenyatta and Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta Quotes
Kenya Timeline -- Part 1
Kenya Timeline -- Part 2
Alistair's African History Blog
Add to: iGoogleMy Yahoo!RSS
A Few More Words From Jomo Kenyatta ...
Monday March 16, 2009
"Europeans assume that, given the right knowledge and ideas, personal relations can be left largely to take care of themselves, and this is perhaps the most fundamental difference in outlook between Africans and Europeans."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from his book Facing Mount Kenya, 1938.
"Our children may learn about the heroes of the past. Our task is to make ourselves the architects of the future."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from an address given on Kenyatta Day, as quoted in Anita King's Quotations in Black, Greenwood Press 1981.
More quotes by Jomo Kenyatta.
Comments (0)Permalink
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Sunday March 15, 2009
Droughts are fairly common in southern Africa, but when the rain does fall there are excellent opportunities for grazing cattle and developing agriculture. So it is not surprising that one of the most critical threats against the well being of a southern African society was failure of the rains. Rain rituals are predominantly directed towards the ancestors (despite the weather being the responsibility of the supreme being). They are supposed to intercede on the people's behalf, and drought occurs when they are negligent.
As well as sacrificing animals and using powerful medicines Southern African chiefs would normally employ medicine men to help in the rituals. For the Lovedu, however, their Rain Queen, the Mudjadji, works her medicines alone. Find out more about the Lovedu Rain Queen...
Comments (0)Permalink
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Tuesday March 10, 2009
The final death knell of the Bambara Empire sounded with the invasion of the city of Ségou by the forces of al-Hajj 'Umar. The process had been long winded – the collapse began in 1818 with an assault by the forces of the Fulani Muslim leader, Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo. Following the 1818 invasion Bambara Empire fractured, but it still managed to dominate the region for the next 40 years from its center at Kaarta.
The Tukulor Empire, created by Al-Hajj 'Umar eventually spanned from Senegal to Timbuktu. But came up against the colonial aspirations of France – by 1890 French troops had swept across the region and in 1893 was incorporated into the territory of French Sudan (Soudan).
Comments (0)Permalink
A Few Words From Nelson Mandela ...
Monday March 9, 2009
"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my Lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Nelson Mandela, defense statement during the Rivonia Trial, 1964. Also repeated during the closing of his speech delivered in Cape Town on the day he was released from prison 27 years later, on 11 February 1990.
"The time is always right to do right."
Nelson Mandela, "The 100 Best Things Ever Said by Men" in South Africa's Men's Health magazine, February 2002.
Comments (0)Permalink
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The Lovedu Rain Queen
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
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Why did the slave trade last?
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What Caused the Scramble for Africa?
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Timelines
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African History Glossary
More from About.com
How to Ace the GRE
Being well prepared is the first step; here are more essential suggestions.
The Business School Lowdown
Everything from choosing a school and applying, to employment after graduation.
Browse All About.comAfrican History
HomeEducationAfrican History
HomeEducationAfrican History
EmailPrint African HistoryPeople / PlacesEventsMust Reads
African Slavery 101
Atlas of African Independence
Apartheid FAQ
What Caused the Scramble for Africa?
This Day in African History: March
Guide since 2001Alistair Boddy-Evans
African History Guide
Sign up for my Newsletter
My Bio
My BlogMy Forum
Sponsored Links
Nigerian Auctions
Buy and Sell anything at Africa's Largest Market Place.
www.tokunbo.com.ng
Apartheid Research
Online books, journals for academic research, plus bibliography tools.
www.Questia.com/Apartheid
Browse Topic
Apartheid
Slavery
Biographies
Human Origins in Africa
Pre-Colonial Africa
Colonial Africa
Independent Africa
Country History A to Z
Country History by Region
Military History
Timelines
African History Resources
African History Glossary
Mysteries of Ancient Egypt
Colors of Ancient Egypt
The Ancient Egyptian word 'iwen' could interchangeably mean color, appearance, character, being, or nature.
Read more
Life in Ancient Egypt
Color Technology in Ancient Egypt
Where Do You Find Hieroglyphs?
Ancient Egypt: The Father Of Time
African History Galleries
Robben Island Prison Museum
Images of African Slavery
History Ads
South Africa News
African Safari Holidays
Air Travel to South Africa
African Tour
Africa Dating
Burning Spear - Light of Kenya
Find out more about Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya and prominent independence leader. Born into dominant Kikuyu culture, Kenyatta became its most famous interpreter of Kikuyu traditions through his book Facing Mount Kenya.
Read more
More on Kenyatta and Kenya
Jomo Kenyatta Quotes
Kenya Timeline -- Part 1
Kenya Timeline -- Part 2
Alistair's African History Blog
Add to: iGoogleMy Yahoo!RSS
A Few More Words From Jomo Kenyatta ...
Monday March 16, 2009
"Europeans assume that, given the right knowledge and ideas, personal relations can be left largely to take care of themselves, and this is perhaps the most fundamental difference in outlook between Africans and Europeans."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from his book Facing Mount Kenya, 1938.
"Our children may learn about the heroes of the past. Our task is to make ourselves the architects of the future."
Jomo Kenyatta, first president of Kenya, from an address given on Kenyatta Day, as quoted in Anita King's Quotations in Black, Greenwood Press 1981.
More quotes by Jomo Kenyatta.
Comments (0)Permalink
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Sunday March 15, 2009
Droughts are fairly common in southern Africa, but when the rain does fall there are excellent opportunities for grazing cattle and developing agriculture. So it is not surprising that one of the most critical threats against the well being of a southern African society was failure of the rains. Rain rituals are predominantly directed towards the ancestors (despite the weather being the responsibility of the supreme being). They are supposed to intercede on the people's behalf, and drought occurs when they are negligent.
As well as sacrificing animals and using powerful medicines Southern African chiefs would normally employ medicine men to help in the rituals. For the Lovedu, however, their Rain Queen, the Mudjadji, works her medicines alone. Find out more about the Lovedu Rain Queen...
Comments (0)Permalink
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Tuesday March 10, 2009
The final death knell of the Bambara Empire sounded with the invasion of the city of Ségou by the forces of al-Hajj 'Umar. The process had been long winded – the collapse began in 1818 with an assault by the forces of the Fulani Muslim leader, Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo. Following the 1818 invasion Bambara Empire fractured, but it still managed to dominate the region for the next 40 years from its center at Kaarta.
The Tukulor Empire, created by Al-Hajj 'Umar eventually spanned from Senegal to Timbuktu. But came up against the colonial aspirations of France – by 1890 French troops had swept across the region and in 1893 was incorporated into the territory of French Sudan (Soudan).
Comments (0)Permalink
A Few Words From Nelson Mandela ...
Monday March 9, 2009
"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for, and to see realized. But my Lord, if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Nelson Mandela, defense statement during the Rivonia Trial, 1964. Also repeated during the closing of his speech delivered in Cape Town on the day he was released from prison 27 years later, on 11 February 1990.
"The time is always right to do right."
Nelson Mandela, "The 100 Best Things Ever Said by Men" in South Africa's Men's Health magazine, February 2002.
Comments (0)Permalink
See More Blog Entries
Sponsored Links
African Markets
Free trial to first-class emerging markets financial analysis
www.businessmonitor.com/africa
Find True Love in Nigeria
Register, Search and Make Contact. Create a Profile for Free
www.alarena.com
Albinism in Tanzania
Albino Murders, albinos tanzania
www.underthesamesun.com
satellite africa
Satellite broadband-iDirect, Ku & C Unrivaled service & price.
www.LinkSystems-uk.Com
Free African History Newsletter!Sign UpAdvertisement
Discuss
Recent Blog PostsA Few More Words From Jomo Kenyatta ...
The Lovedu Rain Queen
Bambara Empire of Mali Brought to an End – 10 March 1861
Community ForumNew posts to the African History forums:
AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Why did the slave trade last?
"Blood Money Out of Africa"
Explore African History
Must Reads
African Slavery 101
Atlas of African Independence
Apartheid FAQ
What Caused the Scramble for Africa?
This Day in African History: March
Most Popular
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Young African Boys Captured for Slave Trade
Apartheid Legislation in South Africa
Steve Biko
Biography: Idi Amin Dada
Free African History Newsletter!Sign Up
By Category
Apartheid
Slavery
Biographies
Human Origins in Africa
Pre-Colonial Africa
Colonial Africa
Independent Africa
Country History A to Z
Country History by Region
Military History
Timelines
African History Resources
African History Glossary
More from About.com
How to Ace the GRE
Being well prepared is the first step; here are more essential suggestions.
The Business School Lowdown
Everything from choosing a school and applying, to employment after graduation.
Browse All About.comAfrican History
HomeEducationAfrican History
The Immediate Causes Of The Second World War
World War IHome History ICT Forum
Causes
National Rivalries
Alliance System
Militarism
Economic Rivalries
Colonial Rivalries
Pre-war Crises Immediate Cause Course of the War Results of the War
Immediate Cause of the War (June 1914 )
The First World War finally broke out in the second half of 1914 because of an ‘accident’ in Bosnia.
Sarajevo Assassination
Outbreak of War - July/August 1914
1. The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 1914)
The final event which led to the outbreak of the First World War took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian nationalist of the Black Hand at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital .
WHY ASSASSINATE THE ARCHDUKE?
The Serbian Black Hand had to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand because he wanted to convert the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (the Dual Monarchy) into a Triple Monarchy by the inclusion of Serbia. Although the Serbs might gain a certain degree of autonomy within the Triple Monarchy, their long cherished wish of creating a united Serbian state would be dashed to the ground. Francis Joseph, the reigning monarch was eighty-four years old and expected to die soon. Ferdinand's ideas might have a chance for realization very soon. The Black Hand thought that they should kill Ferdinand before it was too late. Some members of the Serbian cabinet knew the assassination plot in advance but did not stop it.
AUSTRIAN INTENTUION TO DESTROY SERBIA
Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack on the existence of the Dual Monarchy because if Francis Joseph died Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria consciously exploited the occasion to destroy Serbia as a state to put an end to the Serbian threat to the existence of the Dual Monarchy for ever. A war with Serbia might lead to a war with Russia. Thus Austria wanted to be assured of German support.
GERMAN SUPPORT
The German Kaiser decided to support Austria because he regarded Austria as the only ally of Germany and because he believed that the Russian Czar would not come to help Serbia in a war involving the death of a future monarch. On July 6, Germany assured Austria that should there be an Austro-Serbian war, Germany would stand by her (Austrian) side and give her unlimited support as an ally. This was called the "Blank Cheque".
ULTIMATUM TO SERBIAN
Having received the wholehearted support from Germany, Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914. The ultimatum was to be answered within 48 hours. It included the following demands:
(i) Serbia was to suppress all anti-Austrian (and Pan-Slav) publications, societies and propaganda.
(ii) Serbia was to dismiss all anti-Austrian officials objected by Austria.
(iii) Austrian police and officials were to enter Serbia and to take part in the Serbian police force in order to carry out the suppression of anti-Austrian activities and investigations concerning the Sarajevo murders.
SERBIAN REPLY
These demands infringed Serbian sovereignty. Austria expected that Serbia would reject, thus giving her the excuse to declare war. Serbia accepted the first two demands but rejected the third. Serbia suggested to submit it for arbitration by the Hague Tribunal. William II was satisfied with the Serbian reply and did not feel the need to punish Serbia with a war. He declared, "a brilliant diplomatic triumph, no excuse for war."
2.OUTBREAK OF WAR-1914
War declared
Austria was still determined to destroy Serbia. After declaring the Serbian reply unsatisfactory, the Austrian government declared war on July 28. The bombardment of Belgrade began on July 29.
RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION
The Serbian ally, Russia, learnt of the ultimatum on July 24. On July 26 the Czar reassured the Serbian crown prince that "Russia will in no case be indifferent to the fate of Serbia." Russia certainly could not bear humiliations from Germany any more; if she failed to defend Serbia again and again, Russia could no longer set her foot on the Balkans as the leader of the Slav nations. The Russian Czar was probably encouraged by the French to take a firm stand against Germany, for France had learnt of the Schlieffen War Plan . France urged Russia to mobilize for fear of an immediate German attack. After the bombardment of Belgrade on July 30, the Czar was persuaded by his ministers and Chief of staff to order full mobilization.
GERMAN DECLARATION OF WAR
Germany feared that she would face attacks from both Russia and France. Germany demanded Russia to stop her mobilization at once. Russia refused. Germany at once declared war on Russia on August 1.
According to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany had to attack France at once. Germany sent an ultimatum to France demanding her to be neutral. After receiving a French reply that France would side with Russia, Germany lost no time and declared war on France on August 3.
SCHLIEFFEN WAR PLANS
After the formation of the Dual Alliance between Russia and France in 1893, Germany feared attack on two fronts--France in the west and Russia in the east. The result was the Schlieffen Plan (this was the war plan for Germany during the First World War). The Chief of the German General Staff, Count Schlieffen drew up his military plan on the theory that Russia would need at least six weeks to mobilize before she could be ready to attack. In the meantime, Germany could concentrate her military forces against France, which might be subjugated within six weeks by an overwhelming attack through neutral Belgium. Germany could then turn to attack Russia.
BRITAIN JOINED THE WAR
On August 4, according to the Schlieffen Plan, the German troops crossed the Belgian frontier. On the same day the British government declared war on Germany. There were two reasons which prompted Britain to take action at once. Firstly, German invasion of Belgium had aroused British opinion against Germany because the country had been guaranteed as a neutral state by all great powers in 1839 in the Treaty of London. Now the German invasion had treated the treaty as a scrap of paper and so committed a moral crime. Secondly, no British government would tolerate the domination of Belgium by any powerful continental nation because it directly endangered the security of Britain. (Belgium was separated from Britain by a narrow channel only.)
Causes
National Rivalries
Alliance System
Militarism
Economic Rivalries
Colonial Rivalries
Pre-war Crises Immediate Cause Course of the War Results of the War
Immediate Cause of the War (June 1914 )
The First World War finally broke out in the second half of 1914 because of an ‘accident’ in Bosnia.
Sarajevo Assassination
Outbreak of War - July/August 1914
1. The Assassination of Francis Ferdinand at Sarajevo (June 1914)
The final event which led to the outbreak of the First World War took place on June 28, 1914. On that day, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were shot dead by a young Serbian nationalist of the Black Hand at Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital .
WHY ASSASSINATE THE ARCHDUKE?
The Serbian Black Hand had to assassinate Archduke Ferdinand because he wanted to convert the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (the Dual Monarchy) into a Triple Monarchy by the inclusion of Serbia. Although the Serbs might gain a certain degree of autonomy within the Triple Monarchy, their long cherished wish of creating a united Serbian state would be dashed to the ground. Francis Joseph, the reigning monarch was eighty-four years old and expected to die soon. Ferdinand's ideas might have a chance for realization very soon. The Black Hand thought that they should kill Ferdinand before it was too late. Some members of the Serbian cabinet knew the assassination plot in advance but did not stop it.
AUSTRIAN INTENTUION TO DESTROY SERBIA
Austria considered the murder of the heir to the throne an open Serbian attack on the existence of the Dual Monarchy because if Francis Joseph died Austria would be left without an heir. Although she could not find any evidence that the Serbian government was connected with the assassination, Austria consciously exploited the occasion to destroy Serbia as a state to put an end to the Serbian threat to the existence of the Dual Monarchy for ever. A war with Serbia might lead to a war with Russia. Thus Austria wanted to be assured of German support.
GERMAN SUPPORT
The German Kaiser decided to support Austria because he regarded Austria as the only ally of Germany and because he believed that the Russian Czar would not come to help Serbia in a war involving the death of a future monarch. On July 6, Germany assured Austria that should there be an Austro-Serbian war, Germany would stand by her (Austrian) side and give her unlimited support as an ally. This was called the "Blank Cheque".
ULTIMATUM TO SERBIAN
Having received the wholehearted support from Germany, Austria sent an ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914. The ultimatum was to be answered within 48 hours. It included the following demands:
(i) Serbia was to suppress all anti-Austrian (and Pan-Slav) publications, societies and propaganda.
(ii) Serbia was to dismiss all anti-Austrian officials objected by Austria.
(iii) Austrian police and officials were to enter Serbia and to take part in the Serbian police force in order to carry out the suppression of anti-Austrian activities and investigations concerning the Sarajevo murders.
SERBIAN REPLY
These demands infringed Serbian sovereignty. Austria expected that Serbia would reject, thus giving her the excuse to declare war. Serbia accepted the first two demands but rejected the third. Serbia suggested to submit it for arbitration by the Hague Tribunal. William II was satisfied with the Serbian reply and did not feel the need to punish Serbia with a war. He declared, "a brilliant diplomatic triumph, no excuse for war."
2.OUTBREAK OF WAR-1914
War declared
Austria was still determined to destroy Serbia. After declaring the Serbian reply unsatisfactory, the Austrian government declared war on July 28. The bombardment of Belgrade began on July 29.
RUSSIAN MOBILIZATION
The Serbian ally, Russia, learnt of the ultimatum on July 24. On July 26 the Czar reassured the Serbian crown prince that "Russia will in no case be indifferent to the fate of Serbia." Russia certainly could not bear humiliations from Germany any more; if she failed to defend Serbia again and again, Russia could no longer set her foot on the Balkans as the leader of the Slav nations. The Russian Czar was probably encouraged by the French to take a firm stand against Germany, for France had learnt of the Schlieffen War Plan . France urged Russia to mobilize for fear of an immediate German attack. After the bombardment of Belgrade on July 30, the Czar was persuaded by his ministers and Chief of staff to order full mobilization.
GERMAN DECLARATION OF WAR
Germany feared that she would face attacks from both Russia and France. Germany demanded Russia to stop her mobilization at once. Russia refused. Germany at once declared war on Russia on August 1.
According to the Schlieffen Plan , Germany had to attack France at once. Germany sent an ultimatum to France demanding her to be neutral. After receiving a French reply that France would side with Russia, Germany lost no time and declared war on France on August 3.
SCHLIEFFEN WAR PLANS
After the formation of the Dual Alliance between Russia and France in 1893, Germany feared attack on two fronts--France in the west and Russia in the east. The result was the Schlieffen Plan (this was the war plan for Germany during the First World War). The Chief of the German General Staff, Count Schlieffen drew up his military plan on the theory that Russia would need at least six weeks to mobilize before she could be ready to attack. In the meantime, Germany could concentrate her military forces against France, which might be subjugated within six weeks by an overwhelming attack through neutral Belgium. Germany could then turn to attack Russia.
BRITAIN JOINED THE WAR
On August 4, according to the Schlieffen Plan, the German troops crossed the Belgian frontier. On the same day the British government declared war on Germany. There were two reasons which prompted Britain to take action at once. Firstly, German invasion of Belgium had aroused British opinion against Germany because the country had been guaranteed as a neutral state by all great powers in 1839 in the Treaty of London. Now the German invasion had treated the treaty as a scrap of paper and so committed a moral crime. Secondly, no British government would tolerate the domination of Belgium by any powerful continental nation because it directly endangered the security of Britain. (Belgium was separated from Britain by a narrow channel only.)
The Second World War
The Second World War
Invasion:
On September 1st., 1939, 1.8 million German troops invaded Poland on three fronts; East Prussia in the north, Germany in the west and Slovakia in the south. They had 2600 tanks against the Polish 180, and over 2000 aircraft against the Polish 420. Their "Blitzkrieg" tactics, coupled with their bombing of defenceless towns and refugees, had never been seen before and, at first, caught the Poles off-guard. By September 14th. Warsaw was surrounded. At this stage the poles reacted, holding off the Germans at Kutno and regrouping behind the Wisla (Vistula) and Bzura rivers. Although Britain and France declared war on September 3rd. the Poles received no help - yet it had been agreed that the Poles should fight a defensive campaign for only 2 weeks during which time the Allies could get their forces together and attack from the west.
There are many "myths" that surround the September Campaign; the fictional Polish cavalry charges against German tanks (actually reported by the Italian press and used as propaganda by the Germans), the alleged destruction of the Polish Air Force on the ground, or claims that Polish armour failed to achieve any success against the invaders. In reality, and despite the fact that Poland was only just beginning to modernise her armed forces and had been forced (by Britain and France) to delay mobilisation (which they claimed might be interpreted as aggressive behaviour) so that, at the time of invasion, only about one-third of her total potential manpower was mobilised, Polish forces ensured that the September campaign was no "walk-over". The Wehrmacht had so under-rated Polish anti-tank capabilities (the Polish-designed anti-tank gun was one of the best in the world at that time) that they had gone into action with white "balkankreuz", or crosses, prominently displayed in eight locations; these crosses made excellent aiming points for Polish gun-sights and forced the Germans to radically rethink their national insignia, initially overpainting them in yellow and then, for their later campaigns, adopting the modified "balkankreuz" similar to that used by the Luftwaffe. The recently-designed 7TP "czolg lekki", or light tank, the first in the world to be designed with a diesel engine, proved to be superior to German tanks of the same class (the PzKpfw I and II) inflicting serious damage to the German forces, limited only by the fact that they were not used in concentrated groups. They were absorbed by the Germans into their own Panzer divisions at the end of the campaign.
On September 17th. Soviet forces invaded from the east. Warsaw surrendered 2 weeks later, the garrison on the Hel peninsula surrendered on October 2nd., and the Polesie Defence group, after fighting on two fronts against both German and Soviet forces, surrendered on October 5th. The Poles had held on for twice as long as had been expected and had done more damage to the Germans than the combined British and French forces were to do in 1940. The Germans lost 50,000 men, 697 planes and 993 tanks and armoured cars.
Thousands of soldiers and civilians managed to escape to France and Britain whilst many more went "underground" . A government-in-exile was formed with Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz as President and General Wladyslaw Sikorski as Prime Minister.
The Fourth Partition:
Under the German-Soviet pact Poland was divided; the Soviets took, and absorbed into the Soviet Union, the eastern half (Byelorussia and the West Ukraine), the Germans incorporated Pomerania, Posnania and Silesia into the Reich whilst the rest was designated as the General-Gouvernement (a colony ruled from Krakow by Hitler's friend, Hans Frank).
In the Soviet zone 1.5 million Poles (including women and children) were transported to labour camps in Siberia and other areas. Many thousands of captured Polish officers were shot at several secret forest sites; the first to be discovered being Katyn, near Smolensk.
The Germans declared their intention of eliminating the Polish race (a task to be completed by 1975) alongside the Jews. This process of elimination, the "Holocaust", was carried out systematically. All members of the "intelligentsia" were hunted down in order to destroy Polish culture and leadership (many were originally exterminated at Oswiencim - better known by its German name, Auschwitz). Secret universities and schools, a "Cultural Underground", were formed (the penalty for belonging to one was death). In the General-Gouvernement there were about 100,000 secondary school pupils and over 10,000 university students involved in secret education.
The Polish Jews were herded into Ghettos where they were slowly starved and cruelly offered hopes of survival but, in fact, ended up being shot or gassed. In the end they were transported, alongside non-Jewish Poles, Gypsies and Soviet POWs, to extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka; at Auschwitz over 4 million were exterminated. 2000 concentration camps were built in Poland, which became the major site of the extermination programme, since this was where most of the intended victims lived.
Many non-Jewish Poles were either transported to Germany and used as slave labour or simply executed. In the cities the Germans would round-up and kill indiscriminately as a punishment for any underground or anti-German or pro-Jewish activity. In the countryside they kept prominent citizens as hostages who would be executed if necessary. Sometimes they liquidated whole villages; at least 300 villages were destroyed. Hans Frank said, "If I wanted to put up a poster for every seven Poles shot, the forests of Poland would not suffice to produce the paper for such posters."
Despite such horror the Poles refused to give in or cooperate (there were no Polish collaborators as in other occupied countries). The Polish Underground or AK (Armia Krajowa or Home Army) was the largest in Europe with 400,000 men. The Jewish resistance movement was set up separately because of the problem of being imprisoned within the ghettos. Both these organisations caused great damage to the Nazi military machine. Many non-Jewish Poles saved the lives of thousands of Jews despite the fact that the penalty, if caught, was death (in fact, Poland was the only occupied nation where aiding Jews was punishable by death).
Fighting on all Fronts:
The Polish Army, Navy and Air Force reorganised abroad and continued to fight the Germans. In fact they have the distinction of being the only nation to fight on every front in the War. In 1940 they fought in France, in the Norwegian campaign they earned a reputation for bravery at Narvik, and in Africa the Carpathian Brigade fought at Tobruk.
Polish Squadrons played an important role in the Battle of Britain, accounting for 12% of all German aircraft destroyed at the cost of 33 lives. By the end of the war they had flown a total of 86,527 sorties, lost 1669 men and shot down 500 German planes and 190 V1 rockets.
The Polish Navy, which had escaped intact, consisted of 60 vessels, including 2 cruisers, 9 destroyers and 5 submarines ( one of which was the famous "Orzel") which were involved in 665 actions at sea. The first German ship sunk in the war was sunk by Polish ships. The Navy also took part in the D-Day landings.
When the Soviet Union was attacked by Germany, in June 1941, Polish POWs were released from prison camps and set up an army headed by General Anders. Many civilians were taken under the protection of this army which was allowed to make its way to Persia (modern-day Iran) and then on to Egypt. This army, the Polish Second Corps, fought with distinction in Italy, their most notable victory being that at Monte Cassino, in May 1944, and which opened up the road to Rome for the Allies as a whole. One of the "heroes" of the Polish Second Corps was Wojtek, a brown bear adopted in Iran as their mascot; at Monte Cassino Wojtek actually helped in the fighting by carrying ammunition for the guns. He died, famous and well-loved, in Edinburgh Zoo in 1964, aged 22.
All the Polish forces took part in the Allied invasion of Europe and liberation of France, playing a particularly crucial role in the significant Battle of the Falaise Gap. The Polish Parachute Brigade took part in the disastrous Battle of Arnhem in Holland. In 1945, the Poles captured the German port of Wilhelmshaven.
In 1943 a division of Polish soldiers was formed in Russia under Soviet control and fought on the Eastern Front. They fought loyally alongside the Soviet troops, despite the suffering they had experienced in Soviet hands, and they distinguished themselves in breaking through the last German lines of defence, the "Pomeranian Rampart", in the fighting in Saxony and in the capture of Berlin.
The "Home Army", under the command of General Stefan Roweki (code-named "Grot"), and after his capture in 1943 (he was later murdered), by General Tadeusz Komorowski (code-named "Bor"), fought a very varied war; at times in open combat in brigade or division strength, at times involved in sabotage, often acting as execution squads eliminating German officials, and often fighting a psychological campaign against German military and civilians. It was a costly war since the Germans always took reprisals.
The Intelligence Service of the Home Army captured and sent parts of the V1 to London for examination, providing information on German military movements (giving advanced warning of the German plan to invade Russia), and gave the RAF full
information about Peenemunde, where the Germans were producing V2 rockets.
THE BETRAYAL
The crime of Katyn was discovered in 1943 and created a rift in Polish-Soviet relations. From now on the Home Army was attacked by Soviet propaganda as collaborating with the Germans and being called on to rise against the Germans once the Red Army reached the outskirts of Warsaw.
Secretly, at Teheran, the British and Americans agreed to letting the Russians profit from their invasion of Poland in 1939 and allowing them to keep the lands that had been absorbed. The "accidental" death of General Sikorski at this time helped keep protests at a minimum.
When the Russians crossed into Poland the Home Army cooperated in the fight against the Germans and contributed greatly to the victories at Lwow, Wilno and Lublin only to find themselves surrounded and disarmed by their "comrades-in-arms" and deported to labour camps in Siberia.
On August 1, 1944, with the Russian forces on the right bank of the Vistula, the Home Army rose in Warsaw; the Warsaw Rising. Heroic street-fighting involving the whole population, using the sewers as lines of communication and escape, under heavy bombardment, lasted for 63 days. The city was completely destroyed. Not only did the Russians cease to advance but they also refused to allow Allied planes to land on Russian airfields after dropping supplies. After surrendering many civilians and soldiers were executed or sent to concentration camps to be exterminated and Warsaw was razed to the ground.
The defeat in Warsaw destroyed the political and military institutions of the Polish underground and left the way open for a Soviet take-over.
With the liberation of Lublin in July 1944 a Russian-sponsored Polish Committee for National Liberation (a Communist Government in all but name) had been set up and the British had put great pressure, mostly unsuccessful, on the Government-in-exile to accept this status quo. At Yalta, in February 1945, the Allies put Poland within the Russian zone of influence in a post-war Europe. To most Poles the meaning of these two events was perfectly clear; Poland had been betrayed. At one stage the Polish Army, still fighting in Italy and Germany, was prepared to withdraw from the front lines in protest; after all, they were supposed to be fighting for Polish liberation. It is a reflection on Polish honour that no such withdrawal took place since it could leave large gaps in the front lines and so was considered too dangerous for their Allied comrades-in-arms.
The war ended on May 8th, 1945.
The Cost:
The Poles are the people who really lost the war.
Over half a million fighting men and women, and 6 million civilians (or 22% of the total population) died. About 50% of these were Polish Christians and 50% were Polish Jews. Approximately 5,384,000, or 89.9% of Polish war losses (Jews and Gentiles) were the victims of prisons, death camps, raids, executions, annihilation of ghettos, epidemics, starvation, excessive work and ill treatment. So many Poles were sent to concentration camps that virtually every family had someone close to them who had been tortured or murdered there.
There were one million war orphans and over half a million invalids.
The country lost 38% of its national assets (Britain lost 0.8%, France lost 1.5%). Half the country was swallowed up by the Soviet Union including the two great cultural centres of Lwow and Wilno.
Many Poles could not return to the country for which they has fought because they belonged to the "wrong" political group or came from eastern Poland and had thus become Soviet citizens. Others were arrested, tortured and imprisoned by the Soviet authorities for belonging to the Home Army.
Although "victors" they were not allowed to partake in victory celebrations.
Through fighting "For Our Freedom and Yours" they had exchanged one master for another and were, for many years to come, treated as "the enemy" by the very Allies who had betrayed them at Teheran and Yalta.
Main Index Guide to Krakow Polish History
Invasion:
On September 1st., 1939, 1.8 million German troops invaded Poland on three fronts; East Prussia in the north, Germany in the west and Slovakia in the south. They had 2600 tanks against the Polish 180, and over 2000 aircraft against the Polish 420. Their "Blitzkrieg" tactics, coupled with their bombing of defenceless towns and refugees, had never been seen before and, at first, caught the Poles off-guard. By September 14th. Warsaw was surrounded. At this stage the poles reacted, holding off the Germans at Kutno and regrouping behind the Wisla (Vistula) and Bzura rivers. Although Britain and France declared war on September 3rd. the Poles received no help - yet it had been agreed that the Poles should fight a defensive campaign for only 2 weeks during which time the Allies could get their forces together and attack from the west.
There are many "myths" that surround the September Campaign; the fictional Polish cavalry charges against German tanks (actually reported by the Italian press and used as propaganda by the Germans), the alleged destruction of the Polish Air Force on the ground, or claims that Polish armour failed to achieve any success against the invaders. In reality, and despite the fact that Poland was only just beginning to modernise her armed forces and had been forced (by Britain and France) to delay mobilisation (which they claimed might be interpreted as aggressive behaviour) so that, at the time of invasion, only about one-third of her total potential manpower was mobilised, Polish forces ensured that the September campaign was no "walk-over". The Wehrmacht had so under-rated Polish anti-tank capabilities (the Polish-designed anti-tank gun was one of the best in the world at that time) that they had gone into action with white "balkankreuz", or crosses, prominently displayed in eight locations; these crosses made excellent aiming points for Polish gun-sights and forced the Germans to radically rethink their national insignia, initially overpainting them in yellow and then, for their later campaigns, adopting the modified "balkankreuz" similar to that used by the Luftwaffe. The recently-designed 7TP "czolg lekki", or light tank, the first in the world to be designed with a diesel engine, proved to be superior to German tanks of the same class (the PzKpfw I and II) inflicting serious damage to the German forces, limited only by the fact that they were not used in concentrated groups. They were absorbed by the Germans into their own Panzer divisions at the end of the campaign.
On September 17th. Soviet forces invaded from the east. Warsaw surrendered 2 weeks later, the garrison on the Hel peninsula surrendered on October 2nd., and the Polesie Defence group, after fighting on two fronts against both German and Soviet forces, surrendered on October 5th. The Poles had held on for twice as long as had been expected and had done more damage to the Germans than the combined British and French forces were to do in 1940. The Germans lost 50,000 men, 697 planes and 993 tanks and armoured cars.
Thousands of soldiers and civilians managed to escape to France and Britain whilst many more went "underground" . A government-in-exile was formed with Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz as President and General Wladyslaw Sikorski as Prime Minister.
The Fourth Partition:
Under the German-Soviet pact Poland was divided; the Soviets took, and absorbed into the Soviet Union, the eastern half (Byelorussia and the West Ukraine), the Germans incorporated Pomerania, Posnania and Silesia into the Reich whilst the rest was designated as the General-Gouvernement (a colony ruled from Krakow by Hitler's friend, Hans Frank).
In the Soviet zone 1.5 million Poles (including women and children) were transported to labour camps in Siberia and other areas. Many thousands of captured Polish officers were shot at several secret forest sites; the first to be discovered being Katyn, near Smolensk.
The Germans declared their intention of eliminating the Polish race (a task to be completed by 1975) alongside the Jews. This process of elimination, the "Holocaust", was carried out systematically. All members of the "intelligentsia" were hunted down in order to destroy Polish culture and leadership (many were originally exterminated at Oswiencim - better known by its German name, Auschwitz). Secret universities and schools, a "Cultural Underground", were formed (the penalty for belonging to one was death). In the General-Gouvernement there were about 100,000 secondary school pupils and over 10,000 university students involved in secret education.
The Polish Jews were herded into Ghettos where they were slowly starved and cruelly offered hopes of survival but, in fact, ended up being shot or gassed. In the end they were transported, alongside non-Jewish Poles, Gypsies and Soviet POWs, to extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka; at Auschwitz over 4 million were exterminated. 2000 concentration camps were built in Poland, which became the major site of the extermination programme, since this was where most of the intended victims lived.
Many non-Jewish Poles were either transported to Germany and used as slave labour or simply executed. In the cities the Germans would round-up and kill indiscriminately as a punishment for any underground or anti-German or pro-Jewish activity. In the countryside they kept prominent citizens as hostages who would be executed if necessary. Sometimes they liquidated whole villages; at least 300 villages were destroyed. Hans Frank said, "If I wanted to put up a poster for every seven Poles shot, the forests of Poland would not suffice to produce the paper for such posters."
Despite such horror the Poles refused to give in or cooperate (there were no Polish collaborators as in other occupied countries). The Polish Underground or AK (Armia Krajowa or Home Army) was the largest in Europe with 400,000 men. The Jewish resistance movement was set up separately because of the problem of being imprisoned within the ghettos. Both these organisations caused great damage to the Nazi military machine. Many non-Jewish Poles saved the lives of thousands of Jews despite the fact that the penalty, if caught, was death (in fact, Poland was the only occupied nation where aiding Jews was punishable by death).
Fighting on all Fronts:
The Polish Army, Navy and Air Force reorganised abroad and continued to fight the Germans. In fact they have the distinction of being the only nation to fight on every front in the War. In 1940 they fought in France, in the Norwegian campaign they earned a reputation for bravery at Narvik, and in Africa the Carpathian Brigade fought at Tobruk.
Polish Squadrons played an important role in the Battle of Britain, accounting for 12% of all German aircraft destroyed at the cost of 33 lives. By the end of the war they had flown a total of 86,527 sorties, lost 1669 men and shot down 500 German planes and 190 V1 rockets.
The Polish Navy, which had escaped intact, consisted of 60 vessels, including 2 cruisers, 9 destroyers and 5 submarines ( one of which was the famous "Orzel") which were involved in 665 actions at sea. The first German ship sunk in the war was sunk by Polish ships. The Navy also took part in the D-Day landings.
When the Soviet Union was attacked by Germany, in June 1941, Polish POWs were released from prison camps and set up an army headed by General Anders. Many civilians were taken under the protection of this army which was allowed to make its way to Persia (modern-day Iran) and then on to Egypt. This army, the Polish Second Corps, fought with distinction in Italy, their most notable victory being that at Monte Cassino, in May 1944, and which opened up the road to Rome for the Allies as a whole. One of the "heroes" of the Polish Second Corps was Wojtek, a brown bear adopted in Iran as their mascot; at Monte Cassino Wojtek actually helped in the fighting by carrying ammunition for the guns. He died, famous and well-loved, in Edinburgh Zoo in 1964, aged 22.
All the Polish forces took part in the Allied invasion of Europe and liberation of France, playing a particularly crucial role in the significant Battle of the Falaise Gap. The Polish Parachute Brigade took part in the disastrous Battle of Arnhem in Holland. In 1945, the Poles captured the German port of Wilhelmshaven.
In 1943 a division of Polish soldiers was formed in Russia under Soviet control and fought on the Eastern Front. They fought loyally alongside the Soviet troops, despite the suffering they had experienced in Soviet hands, and they distinguished themselves in breaking through the last German lines of defence, the "Pomeranian Rampart", in the fighting in Saxony and in the capture of Berlin.
The "Home Army", under the command of General Stefan Roweki (code-named "Grot"), and after his capture in 1943 (he was later murdered), by General Tadeusz Komorowski (code-named "Bor"), fought a very varied war; at times in open combat in brigade or division strength, at times involved in sabotage, often acting as execution squads eliminating German officials, and often fighting a psychological campaign against German military and civilians. It was a costly war since the Germans always took reprisals.
The Intelligence Service of the Home Army captured and sent parts of the V1 to London for examination, providing information on German military movements (giving advanced warning of the German plan to invade Russia), and gave the RAF full
information about Peenemunde, where the Germans were producing V2 rockets.
THE BETRAYAL
The crime of Katyn was discovered in 1943 and created a rift in Polish-Soviet relations. From now on the Home Army was attacked by Soviet propaganda as collaborating with the Germans and being called on to rise against the Germans once the Red Army reached the outskirts of Warsaw.
Secretly, at Teheran, the British and Americans agreed to letting the Russians profit from their invasion of Poland in 1939 and allowing them to keep the lands that had been absorbed. The "accidental" death of General Sikorski at this time helped keep protests at a minimum.
When the Russians crossed into Poland the Home Army cooperated in the fight against the Germans and contributed greatly to the victories at Lwow, Wilno and Lublin only to find themselves surrounded and disarmed by their "comrades-in-arms" and deported to labour camps in Siberia.
On August 1, 1944, with the Russian forces on the right bank of the Vistula, the Home Army rose in Warsaw; the Warsaw Rising. Heroic street-fighting involving the whole population, using the sewers as lines of communication and escape, under heavy bombardment, lasted for 63 days. The city was completely destroyed. Not only did the Russians cease to advance but they also refused to allow Allied planes to land on Russian airfields after dropping supplies. After surrendering many civilians and soldiers were executed or sent to concentration camps to be exterminated and Warsaw was razed to the ground.
The defeat in Warsaw destroyed the political and military institutions of the Polish underground and left the way open for a Soviet take-over.
With the liberation of Lublin in July 1944 a Russian-sponsored Polish Committee for National Liberation (a Communist Government in all but name) had been set up and the British had put great pressure, mostly unsuccessful, on the Government-in-exile to accept this status quo. At Yalta, in February 1945, the Allies put Poland within the Russian zone of influence in a post-war Europe. To most Poles the meaning of these two events was perfectly clear; Poland had been betrayed. At one stage the Polish Army, still fighting in Italy and Germany, was prepared to withdraw from the front lines in protest; after all, they were supposed to be fighting for Polish liberation. It is a reflection on Polish honour that no such withdrawal took place since it could leave large gaps in the front lines and so was considered too dangerous for their Allied comrades-in-arms.
The war ended on May 8th, 1945.
The Cost:
The Poles are the people who really lost the war.
Over half a million fighting men and women, and 6 million civilians (or 22% of the total population) died. About 50% of these were Polish Christians and 50% were Polish Jews. Approximately 5,384,000, or 89.9% of Polish war losses (Jews and Gentiles) were the victims of prisons, death camps, raids, executions, annihilation of ghettos, epidemics, starvation, excessive work and ill treatment. So many Poles were sent to concentration camps that virtually every family had someone close to them who had been tortured or murdered there.
There were one million war orphans and over half a million invalids.
The country lost 38% of its national assets (Britain lost 0.8%, France lost 1.5%). Half the country was swallowed up by the Soviet Union including the two great cultural centres of Lwow and Wilno.
Many Poles could not return to the country for which they has fought because they belonged to the "wrong" political group or came from eastern Poland and had thus become Soviet citizens. Others were arrested, tortured and imprisoned by the Soviet authorities for belonging to the Home Army.
Although "victors" they were not allowed to partake in victory celebrations.
Through fighting "For Our Freedom and Yours" they had exchanged one master for another and were, for many years to come, treated as "the enemy" by the very Allies who had betrayed them at Teheran and Yalta.
Main Index Guide to Krakow Polish History
Positive and Negative Effact Of Globalization
Skip to main contentLogin Help Contact Us Trusted archives for scholarship Search Basic Advanced Citation Locator Browse by Discipline by Title by Publisher About The Organization The Archives Programs & Initiatives News & Events Policies Participate Becoming a Participant Current Participants Publisher Participation Other Content Providers Resources For Librarians For Publishers & Content Providers For Linking & Metasearch Partners MyJSTOR Saved Citations Profile 19th Century British Pamphlets freely available to JSTOR participants through June 30, 2009... Learn More + Show full citationThis is the first page of the item you requested.
Globalization and the Inequality of Nations
Paul Krugman and Anthony J. Venables
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 4 (Nov., 1995), pp. 857-880 (article consists of 24 pages)
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2946642
Globalization and the Inequality of Nations, by Paul Krugman and Anthony J. Venables © 1995 The MIT Press.
Abstract
A monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector produces goods used for final consumption and as intermediates. Intermediate usage creates cost and demand linkages between firms and a tendency for manufacturing agglomeration. How does globalization affect the location of manufacturing and gains from trade? At high transport costs all countries have some manufacturing, but when transport costs fall below a critical value, a core-periphery spontaneously forms, and nations that find themselves in the periphery suffer a decline in real income. At still lower transport costs there is convergence of real incomes, in which peripheral nations gain and core nations may lose. Want the full article?
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Globalization and the Inequality of Nations
Paul Krugman and Anthony J. Venables
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No. 4 (Nov., 1995), pp. 857-880 (article consists of 24 pages)
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2946642
Globalization and the Inequality of Nations, by Paul Krugman and Anthony J. Venables © 1995 The MIT Press.
Abstract
A monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector produces goods used for final consumption and as intermediates. Intermediate usage creates cost and demand linkages between firms and a tendency for manufacturing agglomeration. How does globalization affect the location of manufacturing and gains from trade? At high transport costs all countries have some manufacturing, but when transport costs fall below a critical value, a core-periphery spontaneously forms, and nations that find themselves in the periphery suffer a decline in real income. At still lower transport costs there is convergence of real incomes, in which peripheral nations gain and core nations may lose. Want the full article?
Login to access JSTOR, or check our access options. You may have access for free through an institution.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization that serves and is supported by the scholarly community.
Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | Accessibility
©2000-2009 JSTOR All Rights Reserved. JSTOR® and the JSTOR logo are registered trademarks.
Technology In Our World
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What is technology?
Technology is a way of thinking. It is all about using what is known to solve problems and make life easier and more exciting.
Technology is the process of designing and then making what has been designed. Knowledge and ideas are tested in practical ways, and then improved upon until the best solution is developed. Designing in technology has to be enterprising, and people must be able to think laterally and creatively. The products of technological thought underpin wealth creation and employment generation.
Reproduced with permission Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE)
How do designers and technologists work?
Meet designers and learn about how they work. The Australian designers at work web site features designer profiles developed by the Technology Unit, Curriculum K-12 Directorate and supported by the Vocational Education in Schools Directorate of the Department of Education and training in partnership with the Powerhouse Museum. Additional resources to support the use of the web site by students and teachers can be found in Teaching ideas. These resources were funded by the School to Work Unit, Vocational Education Directorate.
What occupations focus on design and technology?
View the myfuture web site http://www.myfuture.edu.au, in particular http://www.myfuture.edu.au/services/default.asp?FunctionID=5002&Action=Advanced. On this page you can search occupations by learning area. Use the advanced search, select the appropriate learning area and either leave the others on ‘all’ and go to the top and search or refine the search by defining skill level and/or industry area.
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Director's message Educational institution links Copyright, trademarks & discalimer About us Contact us Kindergarten-Year 6
Creative Arts English HSIE Languages Mathematics PDHPE Science and Technology Connected Outcome Groups Years 7-12
Creative Arts English HSIE Languages Mathematics PDHPE Science Technology Curriculum policies
Animal Welfare in Schools Curriculum planning, assessing and reporting Environmental Education and Sustainable Schools Gifted and Talented Students Homework policy Libraries in NSW Government schools Literacy Policy National Assessment Program Numeracy Policy Religious Education Road Safety Education Curriculum guidelines & memoranda Curriculum initiatives
Australian Government Quality Teaching programme Consistent Teacher Judgement ICT and curriculum K-4 Initiatives NSW HSC Online Middle Years Quality teaching School Libraries and Information Literacy UNICEF's Day for Change Curriculum services
The School Magazine Professional learning courses 2008 Curriculum Support Newsletter Education Week
Designing and producing
Technology process
Student work
Technology in our world
Teaching and assessing
Science and Technology K-6
Technology 7-12
Contact us
Technology in our world
What is technology?
Technology is a way of thinking. It is all about using what is known to solve problems and make life easier and more exciting.
Technology is the process of designing and then making what has been designed. Knowledge and ideas are tested in practical ways, and then improved upon until the best solution is developed. Designing in technology has to be enterprising, and people must be able to think laterally and creatively. The products of technological thought underpin wealth creation and employment generation.
Reproduced with permission Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (ATSE)
How do designers and technologists work?
Meet designers and learn about how they work. The Australian designers at work web site features designer profiles developed by the Technology Unit, Curriculum K-12 Directorate and supported by the Vocational Education in Schools Directorate of the Department of Education and training in partnership with the Powerhouse Museum. Additional resources to support the use of the web site by students and teachers can be found in Teaching ideas. These resources were funded by the School to Work Unit, Vocational Education Directorate.
What occupations focus on design and technology?
View the myfuture web site http://www.myfuture.edu.au, in particular http://www.myfuture.edu.au/services/default.asp?FunctionID=5002&Action=Advanced. On this page you can search occupations by learning area. Use the advanced search, select the appropriate learning area and either leave the others on ‘all’ and go to the top and search or refine the search by defining skill level and/or industry area.
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How Technology Shapes Our World
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How Technology Shapes Our World
Another in a series of Microsoft essays, published in connection with the meeting of the World Economic Forum in New York City, addresses the challenges society faces as technology becomes an increasingly important part of our lives.
Published: February 4, 2002
Human beings have a unique ability to shape the world we live in. Our innovations have given us the power to transform our environment, extend our life span, create vast, interconnected societies, and even explore the stars. The technologies that have made this possible -- from the simplest wooden plow to the most advanced personal computer -- have also helped bring about fundamental economic and social change.
Just as the steam engine, the railroad, and the telephone created dramatic shifts in the way people lived, the digital information technology developed in the past few decades has transformed our world at a pace that eclipses all innovations before it.
But with each wave of innovation comes a new set of challenges. As government and business leaders from around the world gather in New York City for the World Economic Forum, we face a number of key social, economic and policy issues surrounding information technology:
• Protecting individual privacy. More people than ever are entrusting the Internet with sensitive personal information, from their medical history to their shopping preferences. Today, tools and practices exist that give people control over their personal information, but we’re still a long way from creating a technological, economic and social environment that makes individual privacy a core principle.
• Keeping our critical systems secure. As our economy becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet, and as businesses and individuals become more interconnected, protection of the global technology infrastructure is essential. With the events of September 11 fresh in our minds, along with widely publicized incidents of Web site hacking, industry and government leaders have a responsibility to create a safe, secure, reliable and trustworthy computing environment.
• Protecting our children. The PC and the Internet have helped revolutionize education, giving children powerful and exciting tools for exploration. The private sector and government have made significant progress towards ensuring that children aren’t exposed to inappropriate content. This cooperation is a good example of how we can collectively tackle some of the Internet’s toughest challenges.
• Bridging the "digital divide." Although a significant part of the world still lacks essential resources such as a safe water supply, adequate electrical power or quality healthcare, technology and the Internet can help improve the quality of life worldwide through better communication, business processes and education. Working together, industry and government have an opportunity and responsibility to ensure that no one is left behind.
• Protecting intellectual property. The Internet makes it possible to easily distribute digital information -- from software to books, music and video " instantly and at virtually no cost. To ensure that incentives exist to innovate in the future, government and industry must work together to protect intellectual property rights around the world.
• Regulating global commerce. Because the Internet offers people an easy way to purchase goods and services worldwide " generating tremendous economic growth -- it makes commerce even more challenging to tax or regulate effectively. Governments and businesses must cooperate to find innovative ways to integrate online commerce into the economy without undermining its tremendous economic benefits.
Even as we work to address these challenges, the next decade will see a wave of innovation that will further advance the positive role technology plays in our lives. Microsoft is committed to providing industry leadership by creating technology that is fundamentally secure and trustworthy. Working in partnership with others who share our excitement about the promise of technology, a great opportunity exists to help people realize their potential and to help move society forward, paving the way for even greater accomplishments.
Excerpted from a white paper submitted to the World Economic Forum by Rick Belluzzo, president and chief operating officer of Microsoft.
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On the Issues Home
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20092008200720062005200420032002200120001999Washington State
Resources
Policy AgendaAbout the EssaysComment on the Essays
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Executive E-mailMicrosoft PressPassFreedom to Innovate Network On the Issues Home > 2002
How Technology Shapes Our World
Another in a series of Microsoft essays, published in connection with the meeting of the World Economic Forum in New York City, addresses the challenges society faces as technology becomes an increasingly important part of our lives.
Published: February 4, 2002
Human beings have a unique ability to shape the world we live in. Our innovations have given us the power to transform our environment, extend our life span, create vast, interconnected societies, and even explore the stars. The technologies that have made this possible -- from the simplest wooden plow to the most advanced personal computer -- have also helped bring about fundamental economic and social change.
Just as the steam engine, the railroad, and the telephone created dramatic shifts in the way people lived, the digital information technology developed in the past few decades has transformed our world at a pace that eclipses all innovations before it.
But with each wave of innovation comes a new set of challenges. As government and business leaders from around the world gather in New York City for the World Economic Forum, we face a number of key social, economic and policy issues surrounding information technology:
• Protecting individual privacy. More people than ever are entrusting the Internet with sensitive personal information, from their medical history to their shopping preferences. Today, tools and practices exist that give people control over their personal information, but we’re still a long way from creating a technological, economic and social environment that makes individual privacy a core principle.
• Keeping our critical systems secure. As our economy becomes increasingly dependent on the Internet, and as businesses and individuals become more interconnected, protection of the global technology infrastructure is essential. With the events of September 11 fresh in our minds, along with widely publicized incidents of Web site hacking, industry and government leaders have a responsibility to create a safe, secure, reliable and trustworthy computing environment.
• Protecting our children. The PC and the Internet have helped revolutionize education, giving children powerful and exciting tools for exploration. The private sector and government have made significant progress towards ensuring that children aren’t exposed to inappropriate content. This cooperation is a good example of how we can collectively tackle some of the Internet’s toughest challenges.
• Bridging the "digital divide." Although a significant part of the world still lacks essential resources such as a safe water supply, adequate electrical power or quality healthcare, technology and the Internet can help improve the quality of life worldwide through better communication, business processes and education. Working together, industry and government have an opportunity and responsibility to ensure that no one is left behind.
• Protecting intellectual property. The Internet makes it possible to easily distribute digital information -- from software to books, music and video " instantly and at virtually no cost. To ensure that incentives exist to innovate in the future, government and industry must work together to protect intellectual property rights around the world.
• Regulating global commerce. Because the Internet offers people an easy way to purchase goods and services worldwide " generating tremendous economic growth -- it makes commerce even more challenging to tax or regulate effectively. Governments and businesses must cooperate to find innovative ways to integrate online commerce into the economy without undermining its tremendous economic benefits.
Even as we work to address these challenges, the next decade will see a wave of innovation that will further advance the positive role technology plays in our lives. Microsoft is committed to providing industry leadership by creating technology that is fundamentally secure and trustworthy. Working in partnership with others who share our excitement about the promise of technology, a great opportunity exists to help people realize their potential and to help move society forward, paving the way for even greater accomplishments.
Excerpted from a white paper submitted to the World Economic Forum by Rick Belluzzo, president and chief operating officer of Microsoft.
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The Globalizing World
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PHOTOGRAPHERS WHEREABOUTS 2007
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Photographed by
Akinbode Akinbiyi / Ziyo Gafic (Grazia Neri) / Philip Jones Griffiths (Magnum) / Tim Hetherington (Network) / Thomas Kern (Lookat) / Bertien van Manen / Shehzad Noorani / Cristina Nuñez (Somos) / Andreas Seibert (Lookat) / Stephan Vanfleteren (Lookat)
Conceived, curated and produced by
Daniel Schwartz
Ten photographers illustrate selected aspects of globalization in Asia, North America, Africa, Europe and Latin America. Their stories express a single subject that can be comprehended only in the light of its constant transformation. Together they create a whole, which is brought together in the exhibition.
TALES FROM A GLOBALIZING WORLD is a collective project that draws its strength from its individual authors. By uniting diverse photographic perspectives and styles of expression, it combines various aspects of globalization into an image of the new reality that is shaping the world we live in.
The TALES FROM A GLOBALIZING WORLD project is an initiative launched in 2002 by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). It is being produced under the patronage of the SDC, which is also funding it. As part of the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the SDC is the Swiss Confederation’s competence centre for humanitarian aid and development cooperation with countries of the South and the East.
The SDC entrusted the role of Curator/Producer to Swiss photographer Daniel Schwartz (Lookat), who selected and commissioned ten photographers from different countries.
EXHIBITION
STORIES & PHOTOGRAPHERS
SLIDESHOW
BOOK
CONTACT
IMPRINT
PRESS ECHO
PHOTOGRAPHERS WHEREABOUTS 2007
WELCOME
Photographed by
Akinbode Akinbiyi / Ziyo Gafic (Grazia Neri) / Philip Jones Griffiths (Magnum) / Tim Hetherington (Network) / Thomas Kern (Lookat) / Bertien van Manen / Shehzad Noorani / Cristina Nuñez (Somos) / Andreas Seibert (Lookat) / Stephan Vanfleteren (Lookat)
Conceived, curated and produced by
Daniel Schwartz
Ten photographers illustrate selected aspects of globalization in Asia, North America, Africa, Europe and Latin America. Their stories express a single subject that can be comprehended only in the light of its constant transformation. Together they create a whole, which is brought together in the exhibition.
TALES FROM A GLOBALIZING WORLD is a collective project that draws its strength from its individual authors. By uniting diverse photographic perspectives and styles of expression, it combines various aspects of globalization into an image of the new reality that is shaping the world we live in.
The TALES FROM A GLOBALIZING WORLD project is an initiative launched in 2002 by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). It is being produced under the patronage of the SDC, which is also funding it. As part of the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the SDC is the Swiss Confederation’s competence centre for humanitarian aid and development cooperation with countries of the South and the East.
The SDC entrusted the role of Curator/Producer to Swiss photographer Daniel Schwartz (Lookat), who selected and commissioned ten photographers from different countries.
Fixed And Variable Cost Analysis
Fixed & Variable Cost Analysis Described Fixed and
Variable Cost
Analysis
Example
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Sourcing Decision Support, Inc calculating Fixed and Variable Costs from Quotations...Do fixed and variable costs seem to be reasonable? Can they be explained?
The "fixed" and "variable" costs calculated are not the actual fixed and variable costs of the supplier. The "variable" costs calculated include direct material, direct labor, variable overhead and profit. Use this analysis tool to estimate pricing for quantities not quoted and establish target prices. It also is able to generate data for break-even analysis, price productivity analysis (macro and micro), learning curve and stanford-b analysis (see Cost Analysis Notebook). For "specific" pricing (1unit for $10.00, 2 units for $9.50 each) input the quantities and price respectively.For "range" pricing (1-4 units for $10.00 each, 5-9 units for $9.50 each) input the highest quantity in the range (4 units and 9 units in this example) and its respective price. For "open ended" pricing (500-999 units for $3.50, 1,000+ units for $3.00 each), stop at the last quantity and price prior to the open ended price (999 units).
The more linear the relationship between various quantity and prices the more rational the pricing. If you find this relationship we suggest that you continue with further analyses especially quantity discount analysis. The more inconsistent the relationship between quantity and prices (wide differences in both fixed and variable costs) the more irrational the price formula is in our opinion pricing. We suggest questioning the supplier prior to performing additional price or cost analyses beyond Quantity Discount Analysis.
To select fixed and variable costs for further analyses we suggest you use those that are the most accurate predictor of quoted prices in between two selected points or use the costs that best fits your experience based on industry knowledge. For additional information on this subject see: Price and Discount Schedule Analysis; Kuzdrall, Paul J. & Robert R. Britney, Quorum Books, New York, NY.
Variable Cost
Analysis
Example
Home Page
Back to
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Summary
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Demo
Sourcing Decision Support, Inc calculating Fixed and Variable Costs from Quotations...Do fixed and variable costs seem to be reasonable? Can they be explained?
The "fixed" and "variable" costs calculated are not the actual fixed and variable costs of the supplier. The "variable" costs calculated include direct material, direct labor, variable overhead and profit. Use this analysis tool to estimate pricing for quantities not quoted and establish target prices. It also is able to generate data for break-even analysis, price productivity analysis (macro and micro), learning curve and stanford-b analysis (see Cost Analysis Notebook). For "specific" pricing (1unit for $10.00, 2 units for $9.50 each) input the quantities and price respectively.For "range" pricing (1-4 units for $10.00 each, 5-9 units for $9.50 each) input the highest quantity in the range (4 units and 9 units in this example) and its respective price. For "open ended" pricing (500-999 units for $3.50, 1,000+ units for $3.00 each), stop at the last quantity and price prior to the open ended price (999 units).
The more linear the relationship between various quantity and prices the more rational the pricing. If you find this relationship we suggest that you continue with further analyses especially quantity discount analysis. The more inconsistent the relationship between quantity and prices (wide differences in both fixed and variable costs) the more irrational the price formula is in our opinion pricing. We suggest questioning the supplier prior to performing additional price or cost analyses beyond Quantity Discount Analysis.
To select fixed and variable costs for further analyses we suggest you use those that are the most accurate predictor of quoted prices in between two selected points or use the costs that best fits your experience based on industry knowledge. For additional information on this subject see: Price and Discount Schedule Analysis; Kuzdrall, Paul J. & Robert R. Britney, Quorum Books, New York, NY.
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